Figure 3

Schematic drawings of the test to determine the effect of pheromones and ultrasound vocalization (USV) on the paternal behavior. Left half: pheromones from a dam. A dam was placed in a new cage for 10 min. After removing the dam, the sire was immediately placed in the dam's dirty cage for 10 min. After removal from the conditioned cage, the retrieval behavior of the sire was tested in the old home cage with 5 pups. The resulting number and percentage of retrievers and non-retrievers are indicated in parentheses. Right half: USVs were recorded in a new cage isolated together with the dam and sire for 10 min. On the following day, the USVs were replayed to the sire in another new cage for 10 min and retrieval behavior was tested in old cages. The resulting number of retrievers and non-retrievers are indicated in parentheses.