Fig. 1

Characterization of PFFs and brain pathology induced by PFF injection. A TEM images of mouse PFFs before and after sonication. Scale bars = 500 nm (before) and 200 nm (after). B Thioflavin-T intensity of fibrils 7 days after incubation (n = 2 measurements). C CD spectra of α-synuclein monomers and PFFs. D Representative images of brain immunohistochemical staining for pS129-α-syn in striatum, motor, and somatosensory cortices 20 weeks post injection (p.i.). Scale bar = 100 µm. E–G Quantification of pS129-α-syn optical density in striatum (E), motor (F), and somatosensory (G) cortex. H Glial activation in the somatosensory cortex. Representative images of brain astrocytes and microglia 20 weeks after injection, identified by GFAP and Iba1 immunostaining, respectively. I, J Quantification of GFAP (I) and Iba1 (J) immunoreactivity in the somatosensory cortex. Data in B, E–G, I and J are expressed as means ± S.E.M. (B, n = 2 for PBS and PFF; E–G, I and J, n = 5 and 6 mice for PBS and PFF, respectively; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; Student’s t-test)