The brain cytokine orchestra in multiple sclerosis: from neuroinflammation to synaptopathology

Table 1 Recall chemokines involved in MS pathogenesis

Chemokine	Receptor	Function	Role in MS
CXCL9	CXCR3	Recall for Th1, macrophages, NK	Cell infiltration [128]
CXCL10	CXCR3	Recall for monocytes, macrophages, T cells, DCs, NK	Cell infiltration [128, 129]
CXCL13	CXCR5	B-cell chemoattractant	CSF OCBs production [125,126,127]
CCL2	CCR2	Recall for T cells, NK, DCs, monocytes	Controversial; reduced in MS CSF [137, 140]; similar levels between MS, optic neuritis, and peripheral monocytes of healthy controls [141]
CCL3	CCR1, CCR4	Polymorphonuclear leukocytes chemoattraction	Cell infiltration; increased in RRMS CSF [135]
CCL4	CCR5	Recall for NK and monocytes	Cell infiltration; increased in RRMS CSF [135]
CCL17	CCR4	Th cells recall	T-cell infiltration [132]
CCL22	CCR4	Th cells recall	Cell infiltration and activation of CNS-resident microglia [133, 134]

DCs dendritic cells, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, NK natural killer, OCBs oligoclonal bands

ISSN: 1756-6606