Fig. 1

Prenatally VPA exposure induces ASD behavior in offspring rats (A) Tail deformity; (B) Three-chamber of social ability tracking test (n = 5 for each group); (C) Three-chamber of social novelty tests (n = 5 for each group); (D) Trajectory diagram of three-chamber test; (E) Elevated plus maze test (n = 5 for each group); (F) Open field test (n = 5 for each group); (G) Marble-burying test (n = 5 for each group); (H) Self-grooming test (n = 5 for each group); (I) Trajectory diagram of open field test. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using the student’s t-test. Compared with the control group, *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001