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Table 2 Pathological staging of motor neurons in ALS according to TDP-43 distribution

From: The long non-coding RNA nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1_2 induces paraspeckle formation in the motor neuron during the early phase of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Stage 0

TDP-43 is normally distributed within the well-marginated nucleus.

Stage I

The nucleus degradated, and TDP-43 was also seen in the cytoplasm.

Stage II

The nuclear TDP-43 was so cleared that it was not recognized.The plasma membrane was still retained.

Stage III

The plasma membrane disappeared.

 

TDP-43 distribution

nuclear membrane

plasma membrane

 

in the nucleus

in the cytoplasm

  

Stage 0

+

-

+

+

Stage I

+

+

±

+

Stage II

ND

+

-

+

Stage III

ND

ND

-

-

  1. ND, not determined.