Figure 1
From: Genes and signaling pathways involved in memory enhancement in mutant mice
Molecules involved in memory enhancement. Signaling pathways in the presynaptic axonal terminal and the postsynaptic dendritic spine and nucleus are illustrated in a simplified manner. Green and red arrows indicate positive and negative regulations, respectively. Memory is enhanced either by the over expression/activation of molecules colored in green or the deletion/inhibition of molecules in red. The detailed roles of some of these molecules in LTP and memory are described in the text. Cbl-b, casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b; NCX2, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger type 2; GAP-43, growth-associated protein 43; tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator; HB-GAM, heparin-binding growth-associated molecule; MMP-9, Matrix metallopeptidase 9; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; MAGL, Monoacylglycerol lipase; CaMKII, calcium calmodulin kinase II; BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Cdk5, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5; Cavβ3, beta intracellular subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel; PKA, protein kinase A; PDE, phosphodiesterase; PP1, protein phosphatase 1; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; CaMKIV, calcium calmodulin kinase IV; CN, calcineurin; ATF4, activating transcription factor 4; GCN2, general control nonderepressible 2; p-eIF2α, phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit α.