Figure 1
From: 5-mehtyltetrahydrofolate rescues alcohol-induced neural crest cell migration abnormalities
Alcohol exposure impaired pigment and cranial cartilage formation. (A,C) Control embryos show normal amount and pattern of pigment cells. (B,D) Alcohol treated embryos develop less and punctate pigment cells. (E) Alcohol treated embryos at stage 45 exhibited truncated cranial cartilage. Compared to control embryos, both Meckel's and palatoquadrate were absent from treated embryos and the ceratohyal cartilages were markedly smaller. (F) The alcohol exposure deteriorates cartilage formation. Ratio of small to total heads exhibit no significant difference between control (2.3%±1.5%, n=190) and 0.5% alcohol condition (2.3%±0.7%, n = 214). Additionally, 1% alcohol treatment considerably increased the phenotype of small head (43.4%±4.4%, total embryo n = 234), and 1.5% and 2.0% dramatically augment the deformation to 81.2%±6.5% (n = 205) and 91.6%±3.0% (n=235) respectively (P < 0.01). At each concentration, the experiments were repeated 3 times, and n represents the total embryos of triplicate assay. The values represent means ± SEM. p < 0.01, by student T test.