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Figure 1 | Molecular Brain

Figure 1

From: Channel-mediated astrocytic glutamate modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity by activating postsynaptic NMDA receptors

Figure 1

PAR1 activation induces astrocytic glutamate release via Best1. A, Immunohistochemistry images showing endogenous expression patterns of GFAP (magenta), Best1 (green), PAR1 (red), and nucleus (DAPI in blue) in hippocampal CA1 area. B, Magnified views of the yellow box in Figure 1A. C, Bar graphs represent the percentage of PAR1-expressing astrocytes among astrocytes showing Best1 expression (PAR1/Best1) or Best1-expressing astrocytes among astrocytes showing PAR1 expression (Best1/PAR1). Mean ± standard error (s.e.m). Numbers of astrocytes analyzed are indicated within bars. D, Representative electron microscopy image showing localization of endogenous Best1 in hippocampal CA1 astrocytes. Po, postsynaptic terminal; Pr, presynaptic terminal. Arrowhead indicates Best1 staining at astrocytic microdomain near synaptic terminals. E, Above, representative GluSFnR (shown as relative CFP/YFP ratio) in response to bath application of indicated glutamate concentration. Below, concentration-effect curve representing the averaged peak CFP/YFP ratio (mean ± s.e.m.) induced by application of glutamate at various concentrations. F, Graph showing the averaged relative CFP/YFP ratio values (mean ± s.e.m.) from time-lapse imaging of GluSFnR-expressing astrocytes in hippocampal CA1 area of wild type (black) and Best1 knockout (KO) mice (red). Arrowhead indicates the time at which TFLLR puff (30 μM; 500 ms) was applied. Inset: a representative GluSFnR-expressing hippocampal astrocyte in hippocampal slices. G, Bar graph represents averaged peak amplitudes of relative CFP/YFP ratio (mean ± s.e.m.) measured from GluSFnR-expressing astrocytes in hippocampal CA1 area of wild type (black) or Best1 knockout (KO) mice. ***, P < 0.005, unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test. Numbers of tested slices from at least three independent mice are indicated within each bar.

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