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Table 2 Nicotine-induced alterations in expression of synaptic plasticity genes in the hippocampus, PFC, and amygdala of the HIV-1Tg rats. Genes exhibited significant alterations in the brain following chronic nicotine treatment in HIV-1Tg rats (p < 0.05 and fold ratio >20 %). Differential effects of nicotine on the gene expression determined by comparing the HIV-1Tg nicotine-treated group with HIV-1Tg saline group (Student’s t-test with Bonferroni correction)

From: Nicotine attenuates the effect of HIV-1 proteins on the neural circuits of working and contextual memories

Signaling Pathway

Gene Name

Molecular Function

HIV-1Tg_Saline (Mean ± S.E.M)

HIV-1Tg_Nicotine (Mean ± S.E.M)

(HIV-1Tg_Saline/ HIV-1Tg_Nicotine)

P Value

Hippocampus

      

Ionotropic glutamate receptor- mediated Ca+2 influx

Grin2a

Ionotropic glutamate receptor

1.0E-01 ± 3.4E-03

9.1E-2 ± 4.9E-03

0.86

0.04

Grin2b

Ionotropic glutamate receptor

2.8E-01 ± 5.1E-03

2.2E-1 ± 1.2E-02

0.88

0.04

Ca+2/calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling

Camk4

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity

3.9E-02 ± 1.7E-03

3.2E-2 ± 1.9E-03

0.80

0.02

Camk2g

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity

2.5E-02 ± 5.8E-04

2.0E-02 ± 3.6E-04

0.80

0.03

PLC/IP3-mediated calcium signaling

Plcb4

Phospholipase C activity

3.9E-04 ± 3.8E-04

2.1E-04- ± 3.8E-03

0.52

0.007

Itpr3

Calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity

1.3E-03 ± 1.5E-04

8.9E-04 ± 9.0E-05

0.64

0.03

Itpr1

Calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity

7.2E-02 ± 4.2E-03

6.0E-02 ± 1.5E-03

0.84

0.03

CREB signaling

Creb-2 (Atf4)

Transcription factor activity

1.1E-02 ± 4.4E-04

8.3E-03 ± 4.2E-04

0.65

0.001

Creb-1

Transcription factor activity

2.3E-02 ± 5.0E-04

3.4E-02 ± 1.8E-03

1.45

0.02

Cbp

Transcription factor activity

3.3E-04 ± 2.5E-05

4.4E-04 ± 2.7E-05

1.34

0.01

Kinase signaling

Jnk1

C-Jun N-terminal protein kinase

1.2E-02 ± 5.2E-04

1.0E-02 ± 4.7E-04

0.85

0.04

Mapk3

MAP kinase activity

7.2E-02 ± 6.5E-03

8.8E-02 ± 4.8E-03

1.22

0.03

Adcy1

Adenylate cyclase activity

2.5E-01 ± 1.4E-02

3.2E-01 ± 7.0E-03

1.28

0.004

Mapk1

MAP kinase activity

1.8E-01 ± 2.3E-02

2.4E-01 ± 4.2E-03

1.33

0.04

Map2k1

MAP kinase activity

1.6E-01 ± 7.8E-03

2.2E-01 ± 7.3E-03

1.37

0.005

Prkacb

Protein kinase A activity

9.5E-02 ± 2.0E-03

1.4E-01 ± 4.2E-03

1.53

0.001

Kras

GTPase activity

3.3E-02 ± 2.8E-03

5.3E-02 ± 3.2E-03

1.62

0.002

Immediate early gene response

Nurr

Transcription factor activity

6.6E-03 ± 4.6E-04

8.2E-03 ± 5.6E-04

1.25

0.02

Postsynaptic organization of synapse

Synpo

Actin binding

4.9E-02 ± 2.5E-03

5.8E-02 ± 9.9E-04

1.14

0.04

Gria2

Ionotropic glutamate receptor activity (AMPA)

1.6E-01 ± 2.1E-01

2.4E-01 ± 2.0E-02

1.55

0.03

Inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative signaling

Ccl2

Chemokine activity

1.2E-04 ± 1.3E-05

8.1E-5 ± 6.9E-06

0.63

0.02

Prefrontal Cortex

      

Ionotropic glutamate receptor mediated Ca+2 influx

Grin2a

Ionotropic glutamate receptor

8.8E-02 ± 9.9E-03

5.1E-02 ± 2.9E-04

0.58

0.01

Grin2c

Ionotropic glutamate receptor

1.0E-02 ± 8.2E-04

7.0E-03 ± 4.6E-04

0.64

0.001

Ca+2/calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling

Camk2b

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity

0.1.7E-01 ± 1.0E-02

2.9E-01 ± 2.3E-03

1.67

0.004

Camk4

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity

3.1E-02 ± 2.0E-03

5.3E-02 ± 9.3E-04

1.69

0.001

Cacna1i

Voltage–gated calcium channel activity

1.7E-02 ± 1.0E-03

3.2E-02 ± 1.7E-03

1.82

0.003

Calm3

Calcium ion binding

6.0E-01 ± 1.1E-02

7.2E-01 ± 2.7E-02

1.14

0.01

PLC/IP3-mediated calcium signaling

Plcb3

Phospholipase C activity

2.2E-03 ± 2.4E-04

1.4E-03 ± 1.2E-04

0.65

0.01

Itpr3

Calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity

4.5E-03 ± 2.5E-04

3.7E-03 ± 2.1E-04

0.82

0.02

Kinase signaling

Map2k2

MAP kinase activity

1.3E-03 ± 7.5E-05

9.3E-04 ± 1.4E-05

0.67

0.005

Map2k1

MAP kinase activity

9.4E-02 ± 5.2E-03

6.5E-01 ± 3.2E-03

0.69

0.002

Braf

MAP kinase kinase activity

3.1E-01 ± 1.0E-03

2.3E-02 ± 1.1E-03

0.75

0.001

Mapk3

MAP kinase activity

5.4E-02 ± 2.1E-03

4.7E-02 ± 1.1E-03

0.86

0.04

Akt1

Akt kinase activity

3.4E-02 ± 1.6E-03

5.2E-02 ± 5.2E-03

1.55

0.04

CREB signaling

Crem

Transcription factor activity

5.3E-03 ± 2.4E-04

3.8E-03 ± 4.1E-04

0.72

0.04

Creb2

Transcription factor activity

1.5E-02 ± 8.5E-04

1.2E-02 ± 4.8E-04

0.83

0.03

Amygdala

      

Ionotropic glutamate receptor mediated Ca+2 influx

Grin2d

Ionotropic glutamate receptor

1.9E-02 ± 1.9E-03

1.4E-02 ± 1.0E-03

0.76

0.04

Grin2b

Ionotropic glutamate receptor

1.3E-01 ± 7.2E-03

1.0E-01 ± 7.3E-03

0.80

0.04

Ca+2/calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling

Cacna1g

Voltage–gated calcium channel activity

1.7E-02 ± 5.0E-04

2.7E-02 ± 2.4E-03

1.59

0.006

Camk2a

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity

1.4E-01 ± 3.6E-01

2.4E-01 ± 1.7E-01

1.66

0.001

Camk4

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity

1.5E-02 ± 1.0E-03

2.6E-03 ± 3.4E-03

1.72

0.02

PLC/IP3-mediated calcium signaling

Plcb4

Phospholipase C activity

2.3E-02 ± 2.3E-03

1.5E-02 ± 2.7E-03

0.64

0.04

Calm2

Calcium ion binding

7.4E-01 ± 2.8E-02

5.9E-01 ± 1.9E-02

0.80

0.02

Kinase signaling

Kras

GTPase activity

4.1E-02 ± 2.8E-03

3.2E-03 ± 2.5E-03

0.77

0.04

Prkacb

Protein kinase A activity

1.5E-01 ± 8.3E-03

2.4E-01 ± 1.3E-03

1.55

0.001

CREB signaling

Cbp

Transcription factor activity

3.3E-04 ± 2.5E-05

4.4E-04 ± 2.7E-05

1.34

0.01

Immediate early gene response

Mmp-9

Metallopeptidase activity

7.1E-05 ± 1.2E-05

1.3E-04 ± 2.0E-05

1.82

0.03

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Molecular Brain

ISSN: 1756-6606