Fig. 5

Calcineurin activation in human brains. Brain homogenates of the temporal cortex from AD patients (AD, n = 5) and age-matched non-AD controls (control, n = 5) were analyzed via western blot using anti-calcineurin and anti-β-actin antibodies (a). The 45 kDa bands represent the activated form of calcineurin, and the 60 kDa bands represent full-length calcineurin. The band densities of calcineurin were quantified using Image J. The ratio of the activated form to full-length calcineurin (activated form/full length) was calculated and analyzed using Mann-Whitney’s U test. The activated form/full length ratio was significantly increased in the brains of AD patients (b, 164.1 ± 11.4 %, p < 0.05). The data represent the mean ± SE. * indicates statistically significant differences (*p < 0.05)