Fig. 5

Learning and psychomotor disability in Hbegf cKO mice. a-d, Impaired learning and memory in the context and cued fear conditioning test. Freezing behavior was observed and shown as the percentage of freezing time. a For conditioning, mice were placed in a conditioning chamber and given three sets of CS and co-terminating US. n = 9 (Control), n = 10 (cKO). b Twenty-four hours after conditioning, contextual memory was evaluated for 3 min in the chamber used for conditioning. c In the cued test, mice were placed in the novel chamber for 2 min, then exposed to a CS for another 2 min. d Activity suppression ratio in contextual and cued testing. e and f, Impaired learning and memory in the step through type passive avoidance (PA) test. e In the training session, learning and memory functions in control and cKO mice were assessed based on escape latencies in the PA test. n = 15 (Control), n = 16 (cKO). f In the retention test 24 h after training, maximum latency was set as 600 s. g-q Hyperactivity was evaluated in Open-field test. g Schematic diagram showing the center area. The center area is defined as the central 4 × 4 division of the 8 × 8 division of all chamber fields, as shown in the schematic diagram (#, center area). h Representative moving traces in the open field (OF) test. n = 25 (Control), n = 23 (cKO). Results represent the time course of moving time every 5 min throughout 60 min: (i), total moving time: (j), moving distance every 5 min throughout 60 min: (k), total moving distance: (l), numbers of right turns: (m) and left turns: (n), time course of center time (%) every 5 min throughout 60 min: (o), total center time (%): (p), moving velocity throughout 60 min: (q). r, Typical photographs of impulsive behavior in the cliff avoidance (CA) test. Control mice normally avoid the edge of platform so as not to fall, and do not attempt to jump off (left). Hbegf cKO mice often fall (middle) or jump off (right). s, Immobility time on the platform in the CA test. n = 10 (Control), n = 12 (cKO). Values are the means ± s.e.m