Fig. 1

Microinjection of CaCl₂ (25 or 50 nmol) into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) decreased sleep time in rats. (a) Wakefulness (W), total sleep (TS), non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), light sleep (LS), slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS); (b) Percentage of LS relative to TS (LS%), percentage of SWS relative to TS (SWS%) and percentage of REMS relative to TS (REMS%); (c, d) Bouts and mean duration of W, TS, NREMS, LS, SWS and REMS episodes; (e) Time spent in TS per 1 h (n = 10/group). Data are represented as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs Vehicle (Student-Newman-Keuls test)