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Fig. 3 | Molecular Brain

Fig. 3

From: Ca2+ in the dorsal raphe nucleus promotes wakefulness via endogenous sleep-wake regulating pathway in the rats

Fig. 3

Microinjection of CaCl2 (25 or 50 nmol) into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) affected neuronal activity in sleep-wake regulating nucleus. The nucleus-specific neurotransmitter markers were labeled by green, c-Fos was labeled by red and DAPI was labeled by blue. (a) In the DRN, nucleus-specific neurotransmitter marker is tryptophan hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase (+) neurons indicate serotonergic neurons. (b) In the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), nucleus-specific neurotransmitter marker is glutamic acid decarboxylase and glutamic acid decarboxylase (+) neurons indicate GABAergic neurons. (c) In the perifornical nucleus (Pef), nucleus-specific neurotransmitter marker is orexin. (d) In tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), nucleus-specific neurotransmitter marker is adenosine deaminase and adenosine deaminase (+) neurons indicate histaminergic neurons. (e) In the locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus-specific neurotransmitter marker is tyrosine hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase (+) neurons indicate noradrenergic neurons. Yellow arrows indicate c-Fos (−)-nucleus-specific neurotransmitter marker (+) neurons. White arrows indicate c-Fos (+)-nucleus-specific neurotransmitter marker (+) neurons. c-Fos (+) ratio in the specific neurons was counted (n = 5 ~ 9/group). Data are represented as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs Vehicle (Student-Newman-Keuls test)

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