Fig. 3

Knockout of Cav3.1 in the thalamus is associated with a higher vigilance level during drowsy state including nodding behavior. a Left: Typical EMG sample traces from two mice in Cav3.1^+/+ group during drowsy state including nodding behavior. Right: Graph showing the EMG duration and amplitude of Nd state in Cav3.1^+/+ mice. Asterisks represents Nd states. Scale bars, 200 mV, 1 s. b Representative EMG traces from two mice in Cav3.1^−/− group during drowsy state including nodding behavior. The Cav3.1^−/− group showed a higher frequency of head nodding behavior. Scale bars, 200 mV, 1 s. c The frequency of head nodding averaged over 10 s is higher in Cav3.1^−/− mice (Mann-Whitney rank sum test, p = 0.019; n = 4 for Cav3.1 ^+/+ and n = 6 for Cav3.1^−/−). All error bars represent s.e.m. d The duration of nodding episode (mean duration of single Nd + Non-Nd state) was different between Cav3.1^+/+ and Cav3.1^−/− groups (unpaired t-test, p = 0.0166; n = 4 for Cav3.1^+/+ and n = 6 for Cav3.1^−/−). All error bars represent s.e.m. e Quantification of mean duration between Cav3.1^+/+ and Cav3.1^−/− during Nd and Non-Nd states (unpaired t-test, p = 0.833 and p = 0.0241; n = 4 for Cav3.1^+/+ and n = 6 for Cav3.1^−/−, n.s. indicates ‘not significant’). All error bars represent s.e.m.