Fig. 1

Ginsenoside F1 rescues spatial working memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice. a Behavior scheme. Ginsenoside F1 or vehicle jelly was provided for 8 wk. in 12-month-old mice (WT, n = 9; AD-Vehicle, n = 15; AD-F1, n = 10). b Y-maze test. Alternative behavior was impaired in AD mice, and ginsenoside F1 rescues impaired alternative behavior (one-way ANOVA, F_(2,31) = 5.046, P = 0.0127; Tukey post hoc confirmed statistical significance between groups). c Contextual fear conditioning. Freezing level was significantly impaired in AD mice during the 24-h contextual fear memory test (one-way ANOVA, F_(2,31) = 16.98, P < 0.0001; Tukey post hoc confirmed statistical significance between groups), and ginsenoside F1 did not rescue impairment. n values indicate the number of mice. Data are mean ± s.e.m. *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001