Fig. 5

Voluntary wheel running (VWR) inhibits Wnt signaling. a-d Western blotting analysis of GSK-3β, β-catenin and p-β-catenin in the motor cortex (MC) of control (Ctrl) and VWR mice. As shown, p-β-catenin, but not GSK-3β and β-catenin, was up-regulated in the VWR mice. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 6 per group. ns, P > 0.05; ^*p < 0.05 vs Ctrl; unpaired Student’s t-test. e, f Confocal images and statistic histograms illustrating the co-localization of p-β-catenin with PDGFRα. As shown, VWR mice have significantly more PDGFRα⁺/p-β-catenin⁺ cells than Ctrl mice. Scale bar = 30 μm. Data are presented as minimum to maximum. n = 7 per group. ^**p < 0.01 vs Ctrl; unpaired Student’s t-test. g, h Confocal images and statistic histograms illustrating the co-localization of p-β-catenin with CC1. As shown, VWR mice have significantly more CC1⁺/p-β-catenin⁺ cells than Ctrl mice. Scale bar = 30 μm. Data are presented as minimum to maximum. n = 7 per group. ^***p < 0.001 vs Ctrl; unpaired Student’s t-test