Fig. 1

Pcdh19 hemizygous KO male mice exhibit autism-like behaviors. a Representative images of tdT-expressing cells (PCDH19-negative cells) in coronal sections of HET-tdT female and KO-tdT male brains at P56 (left). Scale bar, 200 μm. Schematic diagrams of the X and Y chromosomes of heterozygous KO female and hemizygous KO male mice, showing tdT and Pcdh19-null alleles (in which the PCDH19 coding sequence is replaced with a LacZ cassette) are located on the same X-chromosome; X^LacZ-tdT (right). b Group-averaged heat map images for the movement of WT (X/Y) and Pcdh19 hemizygous KO (X^LacZ/Y) male mice during the 3-chamber sociability test (S1 vs O). c Quantification of the results shown as sniffing time, based on the time spent sniffing S1 vs O in the sociability test and S1 vs S2 in the social novelty test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, paired Student’s t test). d The time of social interaction of Pcdh19 KO male mice during the reciprocal social interaction test. e-f Repetitive behavior tests: the number of rearing incident (e) and the time spent self-grooming (f) in Pcdh19 KO male mice (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, unpaired Student’s t test). n = 10–12 male mice per genotype. All data are presented as means ± SEM