|
Thymus
|
highly disorganized medullary architecture; absent of mTECs and DCs, particularly Aire+ mTECs; impaired negative selection in T cells;
|
thymic dysplasia; lack of Hassall’s corpuscles;
|
LTβR CD40 RANK
|
[48,49,50,51,52,53,54]
|
|
SLOs
|
lack of Peyer’s patches and peripheric lymph nodes; splenic structural damage: impaired FDCs network; dispersed reticular fibroblast network throughout the white pulp; deficient GC and marginal zone development; decreased BCL and SCL production;
|
/
|
LTβR
|
[53, 55,56,57]
|
|
DCs
|
decreased surface markers: MHC class-II, CD11c, CD80, CD86 and CD40; lower capacity of antigen presentation and T cell activation;
|
/
|
AhR
|
[24, 52, 58,59,60,61]
|
|
T cells
|
reduced IFN-γ; damaged T cell differentiation and T cell immunity; multiorgan inflammation; significantly elevated migratory activity of effector memory T cell;
|
T cell dysmaturity; decreased T cell output from thymus; abnormal T cell subtypes clonal expansion; significantly reduced IFN-γ and IL-2 generation; decreased expression of T-bet and STAT1; evere T cell immunodeficiency;
|
/
|
[48, 53, 62,63,64]
|
|
B cells
|
reduced follicular B cells; Absent marginal zone B cells; B-cell progenitors developmental disorders; remarkable reduction of peripheral mature B cells;
|
barricaded B cell development; shortage of specific antibodies; severe B cell immunodeficiency; lack of CD27+ memory B cells; decreased expression of BAFFR; impaired CD40 signaling;
|
BAFFR CD40
|
[48, 56, 65,66,67]
|
