Fig. 4

Short-term plasticity of PV-IPSCs and thalamofrontal EPSCs in PV neurons in the dACC L2/3. a Schematic image of the experiment. Inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) derived from local parvalbumin-expressing (PV) activity were measured in pyramidal neurons in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). b An example trace of a PV-derived IPSC in the presence of (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (APV) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline (CNQX; green) after bicuculline (gray) (Vhold = − 70 mV). Light stimulations (1 ms) are shown as a blue vertical line. c PV-IPSCs were depressed similarly to the feedforward disynaptic IPSCs evoked by mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus stimulation at 5 Hz (8 cells, P_stim2 = 0.16, P_stim3 = 0.18, P_stim4 = 0.07, P_stim5 = 0.06, unpaired t-test, parametric). Standard deviation is depicted as the shaded area. d Schematic image of a thalamofrontal EPSC in PV neurons. e−f Each single action potential time-to-peak in PV and pyramidal neurons at 5 Hz (e) and 10 Hz (f) is shown as a horizontal bar (9 trials). g Normalized thalamofrontal EPSC amplitude on PV compared with that on pyramidal neurons at 5 Hz (4 PV cells, 6 Pyr cells, P_stim2 = 0.72, P_stim3 = 0.69, P_stim4 = 0.94, P_stim5 = 0.79, unpaired t-test, non-parametric, thalamofrontal EPSCs in pyramidal neurons are in the same data set as that used for Fig. 3b and c). Standard deviation is depicted as the shaded area. h Spike probability of PV neurons at 5 Hz and 10 Hz (7 cells, P_stim2 = 0.13, P_stim3 = 0.5, P_stim4 > 0.9, P_stim5 = 1.0, unpaired t-test, non-parametric)