Fig. 4

Direct current stimulation (DCS) alleviates α-Syn aggregation in PFF-treated SH-SY5Y cells. a-c Custom-built 24-well culture plate for DCS. Note each well has a pair of L-shape Ag/AgCl electrodes connected to the stimulator. d-f Representative response (∆F/F) of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells to before (d), during (e) and after (f) 50 mV/mm DCS stimulation during voltage sensitive dye imaging. Scale bar, 100 μm. g-h Immunofluorescent staining of α-Syn (green) in the differentiated SH-SY5Y cells with (right panel) or without (left panel) 50 mV/mm DCS stimulation for 30mins. Scale bar: 200 μm. i Summary of the mean resting membrane potentials in the PFF-treated differentiated SH-SY5Y cells before or after 50 mV/mm DCS stimulation. Error bars indicate SEM. j Summary of the mean integrated intensity per cell of α-Syn staining in the PFF-treated differentiated SH-SY5Y cells with or without 50 mV/mm DCS stimulation. Error bars indicate SEM. Two-tailed unpaired t test. ***p < 0.001