Fig. 3

VPS35 Mutation Affects the Movement of Early Endosomes. a iPSC-derived neurons (iNeurons) stably expressing RFP-Rab5a were imaged by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. RFP-Rab5a (red; early endosomes). Early endosomal vesicles are indicated by white arrows. b Distribution of the maximum velocities of moving RFP-Rab5a vesicles in the control and PD groups (n = 3 per line, total n = 200 moving vesicles in 20 neurons in each group). c Distribution of the mean velocities of moving RFP-Rab5a vesicles in the control and PD groups (n = 3 per line, total n = 200 moving vesicles in 20 neurons in each group). (d, e) Quantification of the maximum and mean velocities of vesicles (RFP-Rab5a) in iNeurons. Data are represented as mean ± SEM; ***P < 0.001; Mann–Whitney U-test in d and e. Scale bar, 10 μm in a. See also Additional file 9: Movies S5 and Additional file 10: Movie S6