Fig. 3

Effect of efonidipine on mutant Ca_V3.1. a Representative traces of T-type VDCC currents recorded from HEK293T cells expressing WT without efonidipine (left), MT without efonidipine (middle), or MT with 5 µM efonidipine (right). b Comparison of the Ca²⁺ current density at a holding potential of − 40 mV. No significant difference was observed between WT without efonidipine and each group (WT with 5 µM efonidipine, p = 0.727; MT without efonidipine, p = 0.585; MT with 5 µM efonidipine, p = 0.312)