Fig. 1

Experimental groups and schedule. Mice of group A (Control, Con) were treated with drinking water for 3 weeks, and mice of group B (Dysbacteriosis, Dys) were treated with 1 mg/ml ASC antibiotics (a mixture of Ampicillin, Streptomycin, and Clindamycin) for 3 weeks. While in Group C (Vehicle, Veh) and D (probiotics, Pro), there was a reverse course with ASC antibiotic mixture changed to drinking water and probiotics for another 2-week. The mice in each group were then subjected to gut microbiota analysis, a series of behavioral tests including anxiety, depression, pain test and recognitive memory test and immunostaining for Fos protein