Fig. 8
From: Ablation of interleukin-19 improves motor function in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Model of the roles of TNF-α and GDNF in glia-mediated neuroprotection in ALS. Stimuli such as mutant SOD1 induce microglia and astrocytes to release TNF-α. Secreted TNF-α induces GDNF release from astrocytes in an autocrine and paracrine manner, resulting in enhancement of neuroprotection. Blockade of IL-19 signaling may augment this TNF-α–induced GDNF neuroprotective cascade (red arrows)