Table 1 Summary of commonly used light inducible systems

CRY2-CIB

CRY2 undergoes blue light–dependent interaction with CIB1, which mediates light responses in plants [123]

1) Optogenetic control of PIP3 [130]

2) Light-induced activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK [129]

3) LARIAT [132] and IM-LARIAT [131]

4) Opto-TrK [60, 109]

CRY2-CRY2

CRY2 undergoes homo-oligomerization upon blue light stimulation [183]

1) OptoFGFR1 [107]

2) OptoFAS [112]

3) CLICR [113]

Phy-PIF

Exposure to 650 nm induces association of PIF and Phy, while exposure to 750 nm light induces dissociation of PIF from Phy [184]

1) Opto-SOS [133, 185]

2) Spatiotemporal control of the Rho GTPase signaling [150]

LOV2

Interaction between Light-sensitive LOV2 domain of a Jα helix can be reversibly disrupted by blue light [124]

1) BLINK1 [105]

2) LOVTRAP [134]

3) TULIPs [186]

4) Light induced nuclear translocation [154,155,156,157,158]

LOV2-LOV2

LOV2 undergoes homo-dimerization upon blue light stimulation [187]

1) EL222 [126, 188]

2) OptoFGFR1 [108]

DrBphP

DrBphP is from Deinococcus radiodurans bacterial phytochrome, the dimeric photoreceptor proteins that sense red light levels. Under NIR (740–780 nm) light, DrBphP can form homodimers. After Absorption of FR (640–680 nm) light, DrBphP dimers come apart [125]

1) Opto-RTK [127, 128]

2) Light-Activated Cyclic-Mononucleotide Phosphodiesterases [189]