Fig. 1
Cntnap2-null mice show deficits in social behaviors. a Schematic diagram for three-chamber social behavior tests. Social preference test was followed by social recognition test. b Schematic diagram for 9.4T 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for mouse. c In the social preference test, Cntnap2−/− mice did not showed a significant preference towards target conspecifics versus an empty chamber, while Cntnap2+/+ mice showed a significant preference towards target conspecifics. Two-way ANOVA: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9 mice, Cntnap2−/−, n = 11 mice, interaction between genotype × target, F1, 34 = 97.71, ****P < 0.0001; Sidak’s multiple comparisons test: Cntnap2+/+, mouse versus object t34 = 13.49, ****P < 0.0001; Cntnap2−/−, mouse versus object t34 = 0.5863, P = 0.5863. n.s., not significant. d Deletion of Cntnap2 gene significantly affect the social preference index in Cntnap2−/− mice. Two-tailed unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction, ****P < 0.0001. e In the social recognition test, Cntnap2−/− mice did not showed a significant preference towards novel conspecifics versus familiar conspecifics, while Cntnap2+/+ mice showed a significant preference towards novel conspecifics. Two-way ANOVA: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9 mice, Cntnap2−/−, n = 11 mice, interaction between genotype × social target, F1, 34 = 2.882, P = 0.0987; Sidak’s multiple comparisons test: Cntnap2+/+, novel mouse versus familiar mouse t34 = 3.954, ***P = 0.0007; Cntnap2−/−, novel mouse versus familiar mouse t34 = 2.02, P = 0.0999. n.s., not significant. f Deletion of Cntnap2 gene did not affect the social preference index for novel mouse in Cntnap2−/− mice. Two-tailed unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction, P = 0.3010. g Example voxel images targeting prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mouse as coronal, axial and sagittal planes. h Example image of 9.4T 1H-MR spectra shown as a black trace. Red trace shows the result of LC model fit. (i) Comparison of metabolite concentrations monitored by 9.4T 1H-MRS in the prefrontal cortex. Metabolites which number of individuals with CRLB ≤ 50% is greater than 5 were included for statistical analysis (Ala: Cntnap2+/+, n = 8; Cntnap2−/−, n = 10; Asp: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; Cr: Cntnap2+/+, n = 5; Cntnap2−/−, n = 10; PCr: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; GABA: Cntnap2+/+, n = 8; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; Gln: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; Glu: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; GPC: Cntnap2+/+, n = 8; Cntnap2−/−, n = 9; PCh: Cntnap2+/+, n = 7; Cntnap2−/−, n = 10; GSH: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; Ins: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; NAA: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; Tau: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11). j Comparison of metabolite concentrations monitored by 9.4T 1H-MRS in the hippocampus. Metabolites which number of individuals with CRLB ≤ 50% is greater than 5 were included for statistical analysis (Ala: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 10; Asp: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; Cr: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 10; PCr: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; GABA: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; Gln: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; Glu: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; PCh: Cntnap2+/+, n = 8; Cntnap2−/−, n = 9; GSH: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; Ins: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; NAA: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11; NAAG: Cntnap2+/+, n = 8; Cntnap2−/−, n = 9; Tau: Cntnap2+/+, n = 9; Cntnap2−/−, n = 11)