Fig. 3From: Toll-like receptors and their role in neuropathic pain and migraine TLRs 2, 3, and 4 mediate migraine. Activation of TLRs (TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4) triggers upregulation of NF-κB and increases the transcription of genes encoding IL-1 family cytokines and TNF. Upon activation, a series of cytokines and inflammatory mediators are expressed that lead to central sensitization and possibly migraineBack to article page