Fig. 5

Increased neuronal activity of functional networks after CSD. A The activation level of olfactory network was significantly greater than somatosensory network than basal ganglia network (p = 0.049 and p = 0.035). Data were represented as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05. B Z-score heatmap of 6 brain regions from 10 mice, indicating that ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus(VPM), ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus(VPL) and trigeminal nucleus caudalis(TNC) were not activated, however primary somatosensory areas (S1), anterior cingulate area dorsal parts (dACA) and central amygdalar nucleus (CEA) were significantly activated in CSD group compared with control group. C–H Automated analysis of c-fos positive cell density in mouse brains harvested 3 h after CSD (n = 5) or EYFP group (n = 5). The raw data and c-fos density heat map were 25-um coronal section. C The activated area of olfactory network was ipsilateral orbital area. D Active areas in primary network included ipsilateral auditory area, lateral visual area and posteromedial visual area layers 4, 5 and 6, and contralateral primary visual area layer 6. E The activation regions in default mode network (DMN) were orbital area medial part (mORB) and prelimbic area (PrL) layers 1,2/3 and 5. F The increased activity areas in somatosensory network included ipsilateral primary somatosensory area nose layers 5 and 6 and primary somatosensory area barrel field, and contralateral somatosensory area. G The ipsilateral amygdala was the major activation nuclei in basal ganglia network. H The thalamus was not activated compared with EYFP group