Fig. 1

Design of a multi-region LFP-based neural interface for pain. A We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) form the rostral area of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and primary somatosensory cortex (S1) using silicon probe arrays in rats. B Raw LFP signals were processed to compute three band-limited LFP power features \({\{\mathbf{Y}}_{k}^{\mathrm{ACC}}\}\) and \({\{\mathbf{Y}}_{k}^{\mathrm{S}1}\}\) form ACC and S1 channels (low gamma (30–50 Hz), high gamma (50–100 Hz), and ultra-high frequency (300–500 Hz)), and sent to an automated decoder based on a state space model (SSM), which independently inferred the latent variables \({\{z}_{k}^{\mathrm{ACC}}\}\) and \({\{z}_{k}^{\mathrm{S}1}\}\). C In the presence of noxious stimulus, the SSM determined the relative change in Z-score from baseline and used this change as a proxy for acute pain signals