Table 2 Summary of NLGN4 expression in the brain
From: The distribution of neuroligin4, an autism-related postsynaptic molecule, in the human brain
Anatomical locationa | Major functions | Neonates and Infants | Adults | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Forebrain | Cerebral cortex Hippocampus, Pyramidal cells Hippocampus, Granule cells Amygdala Caudate Putamen Globus pallidus | Complex integral function Memory Memory Fear Motor modification Motor modification Motor modification |  + (6/8), ± (2/8)  + (4/6), ± (2/6)  + (3/7), ± (3/7), – (1/7) ND  + (5/8), – (3/8) – (7/8), + (1/8)  + (4/8), – (4/8) |  + (6/7), ± (1/7)  + (4/6), ± (1/6), – (1/6)  + (3/6), ± (1/6), – (2/6) – (4/4)  + (2/6), ± (2/6), – (2/6) – (5/5) – (5/5) |
Thalamus Hypothalamus | Sensory modification Mood and emotion |  + (7/7)  + (8/8) |  + (4/5), ± (1/5)  + (5/5) | |
Midbrain | Substantia nigra Red nucleus III | Motor modification Upper-limb movement Ocular movement |  + (5/9), ± (2/9), – (2/9) – (5/5)  + (4/6), ± (2/6) | – (4/7), ± (1/7), + (2/7) – (7/7)  + (3/7), ± (1/7), – (3/7) |
Hindbrain | Purkinje cells Granule cells Dentate nucleus Raphe nucleus Locus coeruleus Inferior olive XII | Motor regulation Motor regulation Motor regulation Arousal, wakefulness Arousal, wakefulness Motor regulation Tongue movement |  + (8/12), ± (4/12) – (12/12)  + (6/10), ± (3/10), – (1/10)  + (8/8)  + (8/9), ± (1/9)  + (11/11)  + (11/11) | – (4/4) – (3/4), ± (1/4)  + (2/4), ± (2/4)  + (6/7), – (1/7)  + (6/6)  + (5/6), – (1/6)  + (5/6), ± (1/6) |