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  1. Microglia are dynamic immune cells with diverse roles in maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system. Dysregulation of microglia has been critically implicated in the genesis of neuropathic pain. Per...

    Authors: Josiane C. S. Mapplebeck, Simon Beggs and Michael W. Salter
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2017 10:9
    Content type: Review Published on:

  2. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective and fast-acting treatment for depression. Despite a long history of clinical use, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Recently, a novel cell...

    Authors: Yuki Imoto, Eri Segi-Nishida, Hidenori Suzuki and Katsunori Kobayashi
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2017 10:8
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with proximal dominant involvement (HMSN-P) is caused by a heterozygous mutation (P285L) in Tropomyosin-receptor kinase Fused Gene (TFG), histopathologically characterized ...

    Authors: Nagahisa Murakami, Keiko Imamura, Yuishin Izumi, Naohiro Egawa, Kayoko Tsukita, Takako Enami, Takuya Yamamoto, Toshitaka Kawarai, Ryuji Kaji and Haruhisa Inoue
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2017 10:7
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. Deregulation of α-synuclein encoding gene (SNCA) is one of the important facets of Parkinson’s disease (PD) research. DNA methylation status of SNCA-intron1 has been shown to regulate the α-synuclein expression. ...

    Authors: Subhrangshu Guhathakurta, Baggio A. Evangelista, Susmita Ghosh, Sambuddha Basu and Yoon-Seong Kim
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2017 10:6
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  6. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid β-protein (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Recent evidence suggests that soluble Aβ oligomers elic...

    Authors: Daisuke Tanokashira, Naomi Mamada, Fumiko Yamamoto, Kaori Taniguchi, Akira Tamaoka, Madepalli K. Lakshmana and Wataru Araki
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2017 10:4
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Amygdala activation is known to be critical for the processing of stressful events in brain. Recent studies have shown that the projection neurons (PNs) in amygdala, although architecturally intermingled, are ...

    Authors: Chen Song, Wen-Hua Zhang, Xue-Hui Wang, Jun-Yu Zhang, Xiao-Li Tian, Xiao-Ping Yin and Bing-Xing Pan
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2017 10:3
    Content type: Research Published on:

  8. Sleep-disordered breathing produces cognitive impairments, and is possibly associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). Intermittent hypoxia treatment (IHT), an experimental model for sleep-disordered breathing, re...

    Authors: Sosuke Yagishita, Seiya Suzuki, Keisuke Yoshikawa, Keiko Iida, Ayako Hirata, Masahiko Suzuki, Akihiko Takashima, Kei Maruyama, Akira Hirasawa and Takeo Awaji
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2017 10:2
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression of various neuronal diseases including ischemia. Heat shock protein 22 (HSP22) is known to protect cells against oxidative stress. However, the prote...

    Authors: Hyo Sang Jo, Dae Won Kim, Min Jea Shin, Su Bin Cho, Jung Hwan Park, Chi Hern Lee, Eun Ji Yeo, Yeon Joo Choi, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Eun Jeong Sohn, Ora Son, Sung-Woo Cho, Duk-Soo Kim, Yeon Hee Yu, Keun Wook Lee, Jinseu Park…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2017 10:1
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. The transition from wakefulness to a nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep state at the onset of sleep involves a transition from low-voltage, high-frequency irregular electroencephalography (EEG) waveforms to la...

    Authors: Joohyeon Hong, Jungryun Lee, Kiyeong Song, Go Eun Ha, Yong Ryoul Yang, Ji Su Ma, Masahiro Yamamoto, Hee-Sup Shin, Pann-Ghill Suh and Eunji Cheong
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:100
    Content type: Research Published on:

  11. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), a ubiquitous multipurpose protein, is also known as redox effector factor-1 (Ref-1). It is involved in DNA repair and redox signaling and, in turn, oxidative stress...

    Authors: Hyunjung Baek, Chae Seong Lim, Hee Sun Byun, Hyun Sil Cho, Yu Ran Lee, Yong Sup Shin, Hyun-Woo Kim, Byeong Hwa Jeon, Dong Woon Kim, Jinpyo Hong, Gang Min Hur and Jin Bong Park
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:99
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Early-life sensory input plays a crucial role in brain development. Although deprivation of orofacial sensory input at perinatal stages disrupts the establishment of the barrel cortex and relevant callosal con...

    Authors: Jin-Bao Zhang, Ling Chen, Zhu-Man Lv, Xue-Yuan Niu, Can-Can Shao, Chan Zhang, Michal Pruski, Ying Huang, Cong-Cong Qi, Ning-Ning Song, Bing Lang and Yu-Qiang Ding
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:98
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays an important role in supporting the proliferation and/or survival of murine neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs); however, the downstream effectors of this fa...

    Authors: Shigeki Ohta, Tomonori Yaguchi, Hironobu Okuno, Hervé Chneiweiss, Yutaka Kawakami and Hideyuki Okano
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:96
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Alternate splicing of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) pre-RNA is negatively regulated by the small nucleolar RNA, Snord115, loss of which is observed in nearly all individuals with Pra...

    Authors: Alastair S. Garfield, Jennifer R. Davies, Luke K. Burke, Hannah V. Furby, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Lora K. Heisler and Anthony R. Isles
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:95
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. Heantos-4 is a refined combination of plant extracts currently approved to treat opiate addiction in Vietnam. In addition to its beneficial effects on withdrawal and prevention of relapse, reports of sedation ...

    Authors: Stuart M. Cain, Soyon Ahn, Esperanza Garcia, Yiming Zhang, Zeina Waheed, John R. Tyson, Yi Yang, Tran Van Sung, Anthony G. Phillips and Terrance P. Snutch
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:94
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. ABAT deficiency (OMIM 613163) is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by recessive variants in the gene 4-aminobutyric acid transaminase (ABAT), which is responsible for both the catalysis of GABA and main...

    Authors: A. Besse, A. K. Petersen, J. V. Hunter, V. Appadurai, S. R. Lalani and P. E. Bonnen
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:93
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Two pharmacologically distinct types of local protein synthesis are required for synapse- specific long-term synaptic facilitation (LTF) in Aplysia: one for initiation and the other for maintenance. ApCPEB, a rap...

    Authors: Seung-Hee Lee, Jaehoon Shim, Ye-Hwang Cheong, Sun-Lim Choi, Yong-Woo Jun, Sue-Hyun Lee, Yeon-Su Chae, Jin-Hee Han, Yong-Seok Lee, Jin-A Lee, Chae-Seok Lim, Kausik Si, Stefan Kassabov, Igor Antonov, Eric R. Kandel, Bong-Kiun Kaang…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:91
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1(DISC1) is a promising candidate susceptibility gene for a spectrum of psychiatric illnesses that share cognitive impairments in common, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and m...

    Authors: Lin Cui, Wei Sun, Ming Yu, Nan Li, Li Guo, Huating Gu and Yu Zhou
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:89
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) facilitate understanding of the etiology of diseases, discovery of new drugs and development of novel therapeutic interventions. A frequently used starti...

    Authors: Koki Fujimori, Toshiki Tezuka, Hiroyuki Ishiura, Jun Mitsui, Koichiro Doi, Jun Yoshimura, Hirobumi Tada, Takuya Matsumoto, Miho Isoda, Ryota Hashimoto, Nubutaka Hattori, Takuya Takahashi, Shinichi Morishita, Shoji Tsuji, Wado Akamatsu and Hideyuki Okano
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:88
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. PERK (EIF2AK3) is an ER-resident eIF2α kinase required for behavioral flexibility and metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression via its translational control. Motivated by the recent disco...

    Authors: Siying Zhu, Barbara C. McGrath, Yuting Bai, Xin Tang and Douglas R. Cavener
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:87
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. The risk of tumorigenicity is a hurdle for regenerative medicine using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although teratoma formation is readily distinguishable, the malignant transformation of iPSC deriv...

    Authors: Keiko Sugai, Ryuji Fukuzawa, Tomoko Shofuda, Hayato Fukusumi, Soya Kawabata, Yuichiro Nishiyama, Yuichiro Higuchi, Kenji Kawai, Miho Isoda, Daisuke Kanematsu, Tomoko Hashimoto-Tamaoki, Jun Kohyama, Akio Iwanami, Hiroshi Suemizu, Eiji Ikeda, Morio Matsumoto…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:85
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. Collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2) regulates axonal growth cone extension, and increased CRMP2 phosphorylation may lead to axonal degeneration. Axonal and synaptic pathology is an important feature ...

    Authors: Huayang Xing, Yun-An Lim, Joyce R. Chong, Jasinda H. Lee, Dag Aarsland, Clive G. Ballard, Paul T. Francis, Christopher P. Chen and Mitchell K. P. Lai
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:84
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is known to participate in numerous brain functions, such as memory storage, emotion, attention, as well as perception of acute and chronic pain. ACC-dependent brain functions o...

    Authors: Li-qing Ma, Li Ning, Zhiru Wang and Ying-wei Wang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:82
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Acute ischemic stroke causes significant chronic disability worldwide. We designed this study to clarify the mechanism by which hypothermia helps alleviate acute ischemic stroke. In a middle cerebral artery oc...

    Authors: Jung Ho Lee, Eun Jang Yoon, Jeho Seo, Adriana Kavoussi, Yong Eun Chung, Sung Phil Chung, Incheol Park, Chul Hoon Kim and Je Sung You
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:81
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) and the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) exhibit a functional interaction, as CB1 regulates pre-synaptic glutamate release and mGluR5 activation increases endocannabinoi...

    Authors: Edleusa M. L. Batista, Juliana G. Doria, Talita H. Ferreira-Vieira, Juliana Alves-Silva, Stephen S. G. Ferguson, Fabricio A. Moreira and Fabiola M. Ribeiro
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:80
    Content type: Research Published on:

  31. The temporal organization of activity/rest or sleep/wake rhythms for mammals is regulated by the interaction of light/dark cycle and circadian clocks. The neural and molecular mechanisms that confine the activ...

    Authors: Qun-Yong Zhou, Katherine J. Burton, Matthew L. Neal, Yu Qiao, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Yanjun Sun, Xiangmin Xu, Yuanye Ma and Xiaohan Li
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:78
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. The C (-1019) G rs6295 promoter polymorphism of the serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptor gene is associated with major depression in several but not all studies, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms mediate resil...

    Authors: Christine Luckhart, Tristan J. Philippe, Brice Le François, Faranak Vahid-Ansari, Sean D. Geddes, Jean-Claude Béïque, Diane C. Lagace, Mireille Daigle and Paul R. Albert
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:77
    Content type: Research Published on:

  34. Mice heterozygous for a complete deletion (CD) equivalent to the most common deletion found in individuals with Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) recapitulate relevant features of the neurocognitive phenotype, su...

    Authors: Cristina Borralleras, Susana Mato, Thierry Amédée, Carlos Matute, Christophe Mulle, Luis A. Pérez-Jurado and Victoria Campuzano
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:76
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Metabolic defects and neuronal apoptosis initiated by traumatic brain injury (TBI) contribute to subsequent neurodegeneration. They are all regulated by mechanisms centered around mitochondrion. Type-1 cannabi...

    Authors: Zhen Xu, Xiao-Ai Lv, Qun Dai, Yu-Qing Ge and Jie Xu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:75
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. Itch and pain share similar mechanisms. It has been well documented that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is important for pain-related perception. ACC has also been approved to be a potential pruritus-asso...

    Authors: Ting-Ting Zhang, Feng-Yan Shen, Li-Qing Ma, Wen Wen, Bin Wang, Yuan-Zhi Peng, Zhi-Ru Wang and Xuan Zhao
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:73
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Astrocytes have been reported to exist in two states, the resting and the reactive states. Morphological changes in the reactive state of astrocytes include an increase in thickness and number of processes, an...

    Authors: Moonseok Choi, Sangzin Ahn, Eun-Jeong Yang, Hyunju Kim, Young Hae Chong and Hye-Sun Kim
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:72
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. Serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are involved in the control of sleep-wake states. Our previous studies have indicated that calcium (Ca2+) modulation in the DRN plays an important role in ra...

    Authors: Su-Ying Cui, Sheng-Jie Li, Xiang-Yu Cui, Xue-Qiong Zhang, Bin Yu, Yuan-Li Huang, Qing Cao, Ya-Ping Xu, Guang Yang, Hui Ding, Jin-Zhi Song, Hui Ye, Zhao-Fu Sheng, Zi-Jun Wang and Yong-He Zhang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:71
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Lissencephaly, or smooth brain, is a severe congenital brain malformation that is thought to be associated with impaired neuronal migration during corticogenesis. However, the exact etiology of lissencephaly i...

    Authors: Yohei Bamba, Tomoko Shofuda, Mitsuhiro Kato, Ritsuko K. Pooh, Yoko Tateishi, Jun-ichi Takanashi, Hidetsuna Utsunomiya, Miho Sumida, Daisuke Kanematsu, Hiroshi Suemizu, Yuichiro Higuchi, Wado Akamatsu, Denis Gallagher, Freda D. Miller, Mami Yamasaki, Yonehiro Kanemura…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:70
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. In neuronal axons, the ratio of motile-to-stationary mitochondria is tightly regulated by neuronal activation, thereby meeting the need for local calcium buffering and maintaining the ATP supply. However, the ...

    Authors: Cana Park, Seol-Ae Lee, Ji-Ho Hong, Yeongjun Suh, Sung Jin Park, Bo Kyoung Suh, Youngsik Woo, Jinhyuk Choi, Ji-Won Huh, You-Me Kim and Sang Ki Park
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:69
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. Cultured neuronal cell lines can express properties of mature neurons if properly differentiated. Although the precise mechanisms underlying neuronal differentiation are not fully understood, the expression an...

    Authors: Zaven O’Bryant, Tiandong Leng, Mingli Liu, Koichi Inoue, Kiara T. Vann and Zhi-gang Xiong
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:68
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. The development of the nervous system involves an initially exuberant production of neurons that make an excessive number of synaptic contacts. The initial overproduction of synapses promotes connectivity. Heb...

    Authors: Laura Nadal, Neus Garcia, Erica Hurtado, Anna Simó, Marta Tomàs, Maria A. Lanuza, Manel Santafé and Josep Tomàs
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:67
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. This study was designed to determine the role of the A1 adenosine receptors in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced secondary brain injury and the underlying mechanisms.

    Authors: Weiwei Zhai, Dongdong Chen, Haitao Shen, Zhouqing Chen, Haiying Li, Zhengquan Yu and Gang Chen
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:66
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. During corticogenesis, genetic programs encoded in progenitor cells at different developmental stages and inherited in postmitotic neurons specify distinct layer and area identities. Transcription factor Zbtb2...

    Authors: Anton B. Tonchev, Tran Cong Tuoc, Eva H. Rosenthal, Michèle Studer and Anastassia Stoykova
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:65
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Amyloid precursor protein knockout mice (APP-KO) have impaired differentiation of amacrine and horizontal cells. APP is part of a gene family and its paralogue amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) has both...

    Authors: Virginie Dinet, Giuseppe D. Ciccotosto, Kimberley Delaunay, Céline Borras, Isabelle Ranchon-Cole, Corinne Kostic, Michèle Savoldelli, Mohamed El Sanharawi, Laurent Jonet, Caroline Pirou, Na An, Marc Abitbol, Yvan Arsenijevic, Francine Behar-Cohen, Roberto Cappai and Frédéric Mascarelli
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:64
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. Endothelial cell (EC) released microvesicles (EMVs) can affect various target cells by transferring carried genetic information. Astrocytes are the main components of the blood brain barrier (BBB) structure in...

    Authors: Qunwen Pan, Caixia He, Hua Liu, Xiaorong Liao, Bingyan Dai, Yanfang Chen, Yi Yang, Bin Zhao, Ji Bihl and Xiaotang Ma
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:63
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. AP-2δ is the most divergent member of the Activating Protein-2 (TFAP2) family of transcription factors. AP-2δ is restricted to specific regions of the CNS, including a subset of ganglion cells in the retina. R...

    Authors: Xiaodong Li, Frédéric Gaillard, Elizabeth A. Monckton, Darryl D. Glubrecht, Amit R. L. Persad, Markus Moser, Yves Sauvé and Roseline Godbout
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:62
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that is the main cause of dementia globally. AD is associated with increased oxidative stress, resulting from imbalance in p...

    Authors: Meryl S. Lillenes, Alberto Rabano, Mari Støen, Tahira Riaz, Dorna Misaghian, Linda Møllersen, Ying Esbensen, Clara-Cecilie Günther, Per Selnes, Vidar T. V. Stenset, Tormod Fladby and Tone Tønjum
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2016 9:61
    Content type: Research Published on:
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