Fig. 5

Differential regulation of autophagy flux by VCP in I(+) and I(-) HCN cells. a mRFP-GFP-LC3 was used for autopahgic flux assay. DBeQ treatment in I(+) led to an increase in the percentage of yellow puncta with no marked increase in the number of the total LC3 puncta, suggesting impairment of autophagosome maturation. DBeQ treatment in I(-) greatly reduced the number of the total LC3 puncta, but the percentage of yellow puncta remained similar between I(-) and I(-)/DBeQ conditions. Scale bar, 10 μm. b Quantitative red and yellow puncta numbers were determined as the mean ± SD by One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test (n = 16–35). Black and yellow asterisks indicate the comparison of the total and yellow puncta, respectively. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001