Fig. 4
Mitochondrial fragmentation caused by prolonged exposure to high concentrations of Aβ oligomers. a Representative high-resolution images in upper panel showing mitochondria before (left panel) and after (right panel) 2 h exposure to 5 μM Aβ–O. Arrows indicate the location where fragmentation might have occurred after Aβ–O treatment. Scale bar: 10 μm. b Time-lapse sequences showing the fragmentation of individual mitochondria upon 25 μM Aβ exposure. Arrows indicate the site of fragmentation. c Quantitative analysis showing the reduction in mitochondrial length and the change in the total mitochondrial number in response to Aβ–O. Error bars indicate SD. d Box-whisker plots showing the changes in mitochondrial length after various exposures to different concentrations of Aβ–O. The boxes enclose the 25th and 75th percentiles; the middle lines mark the median, and the error bars denote the 5th and 95th percentiles. Error bars indicate SD. For (c–d), *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.005 when compared to the corresponding control (Student’s t-test). Each condition was repeated four times from different rounds of cultures and 600–1000 mitochondria were measured