Fig. 3

Role of the caudal regions of the basal ganglia in automatic memory retrieval. A Location of the striatum between the sensory input and motor output systems, where it plausibly can guide automatic behavior based on value memory. DA: Dopamine neuron. B Caudal basal ganglia system processing automatic retrieval of value memory. Previously learned values of visual stimuli were retrieved automatically and selectively in the caudal regions of the primate basal ganglia. Black arrows: anatomical connections confirmed in the primate brain. Gray dotted arrows: anatomical connections to the caudal regions that need to be confirmed in the primate brain. C Neuronal representation of automatic memory retrieval in the passive-viewing task. The caudal region of the caudate nucleus (caudate tail, CDt) and caudal region of the ventral striatum (cVS) represent long-term value memory of visual objects retained even several days or several months after the last learning session in the passive-viewing task. D Functional properties of the rostral and caudal regions of the basal ganglia. The monkey brain is rotated ~ 45 degrees to position the caudal regions at the bottom. Blue regions indicate the caudal regions of the basal ganglia structures that represent the object value memory retrieved automatically. Black arrows: anatomical connections confirmed in the primate brain. Gray dotted arrows: anatomical connections to the caudal regions that need to be confirmed in the primate brain