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Fig. 1 | Molecular Brain

Fig. 1

From: The dual roles of autophagy and the GPCRs-mediating autophagy signaling pathway after cerebral ischemic stroke

Fig. 1

Core mechanisms of autophagy initiation in ischemic stroke. Energy failure could activate AMPK and inhibit mTORC1, which subsequently phosphorylates ULK1 and leads to ULK1 activation. Hypoxia promotes the production and release of HIF-1, which promotes the expression of BNIP3 that can mediate the dissociation of beclin-1 and Bcl-2. ULK1 activation and beclin-1 release can promote the formation of the PtdIns3K complexes and the ULK1-Atg13-FIP200 complexes that are both essential for autophagy initiation. NF-κB can also mediate autophagy initiation through p53 signaling pathway. Excessive excitotoxity prevents the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, thereby inhibiting autophagic flux

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Molecular Brain

ISSN: 1756-6606