Fig. 1

Characterization of COs from normal and familiar AD patient-derived iPSCs. A Bright-field images of 3-month-old COs. Red arrows indicate the dark spots in COs. Square units, x: 2 mm, y: 2 mm. B Quantification of individual CO size. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (two independent experiments; n = 17 for control; n = 19 for AD). C Proportion of COs exhibiting dark spots. Data were obtained from three independent experiments, and presented as mean ± SEM. D Immunostaining for SOX2 (neural progenitors, green) and TUJ1 (neurons, red). Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst (blue). Scale bar, 500 μm. E Real-time PCR profiles of gene expression for pluripotency (OCT4), neural induction (SOX2), and neuronal differentiation (TUJ1). Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst (blue). Data were obtained from three independent experiments, and presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05. F Comparison of regional identity of 2-month-old COs. Relative expression of the region-specific neural progenitor markers: forebrain (FOXG1, PAX6, and OTX2), optic cup (RAX), midbrain (OTX2, LMX1A, and EN1), and hindbrain (GBX2). Data were obtained from three independent experiments, and, presented as mean ± SEM. G MEA system with a microdrive for the electrophysiological recording of the COs. H The representative plot from KCl-mediated neural activities recorded in 3-month-old COs. Bar graphs show the mean firing rate of individual CO. Data were obtained from an independent-measures experiment (n = 5 for control and n = 5 for AD), and presented as mean ± SD. P-value is determined using unpaired t-test (B, C, F, and H) or two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test (E)