Fig. 1

DA-induced astrocytic Ca²⁺ response is dramatically changed between young and adult mPFC astrocytes. A A schematic diagram of possible DA-induced astrocytic Ca²⁺ signaling pathways. B The location of mPFC (left) and validation of the AAV-GfaABC1D-GCaMP6f expression in mPFC astrocytes (right). Each red arrow indicates a single astrocyte. Scale bar: 200 μm (top) and 10 μm (bottom). C Representative Ca²⁺ traces in young (left) and adult (right) mPFC astrocytes upon DA (50 μM) bath application. 15 min-interval between 1st and 2nd treatment. D Summary bar graph of DA-induced Ca²⁺ responses in young (n = 59 ROIs from 4 slices) and adult (n = 50 ROIs from 3 slices) astrocytes. E Representative DA-induced Ca²⁺ traces in young (left) and adult (right) mPFC astrocytes before and after MAO-B blocker (1 μM KDS2010) treatment. F Summary bar graph of DA-induced Ca²⁺ responses in young (n = 39 ROIs from 3 slices) and adult (n = 39 ROIs from 3 slices) astrocytes with MAO-B blocker. Student’s t-test, ****p < 0.0001. G Representative DA-induced Ca²⁺ traces in young (left) and adult (middle) mPFC astrocytes before and after co-treatment of D₁R and D₂R blockers (20 μM SCH-23390 and 2 μM haloperidol, respectively). H Summary bar graph of DA-induced Ca²⁺ responses in young (n = 50 ROIs from 3 slices) and adult (n = 19 ROIs from 2 slices) astrocytes with co-treatment of D₁R and D₂R blockers. Means ± SEM. Student’s t-test, ****p < 0.0001