Fig. 1

Experimental design and behavioral test results. a Mice were provided behavioral training 1 day before tibial surgery. The sham group mice were not subjected to tibial fracture. Behavioral tests were performed on day 3 post-surgery. b Comparison of the total activity, distance, and time spent in the central square. P < 0.05 vs. sham group; n = 4. c Comparison of total sniffing time and preference index for novel object. **P < 0.001 vs. sham group; n = 4. d Freezing time. **P < 0.005 vs. sham group; n = 4. Red arrows indicate electric shock stimuli, and green horn indicates sound stimuli