From: The brain cytokine orchestra in multiple sclerosis: from neuroinflammation to synaptopathology
Chemokine | Receptor | Function | Role in MS |
---|---|---|---|
CXCL9 | CXCR3 | Recall for Th1, macrophages, NK | Cell infiltration [128] |
CXCL10 | CXCR3 | Recall for monocytes, macrophages, T cells, DCs, NK | |
CXCL13 | CXCR5 | B-cell chemoattractant | |
CCL2 | CCR2 | Recall for T cells, NK, DCs, monocytes | Controversial; reduced in MS CSF [137, 140]; similar levels between MS, optic neuritis, and peripheral monocytes of healthy controls [141] |
CCL3 | CCR1, CCR4 | Polymorphonuclear leukocytes chemoattraction | Cell infiltration; increased in RRMS CSF [135] |
CCL4 | CCR5 | Recall for NK and monocytes | Cell infiltration; increased in RRMS CSF [135] |
CCL17 | CCR4 | Th cells recall | T-cell infiltration [132] |
CCL22 | CCR4 | Th cells recall | Cell infiltration and activation of CNS-resident microglia [133, 134] |