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  1. Chronic pain can be the result of an underlying disease or condition, medical treatment, inflammation, or injury. The number of persons experiencing this type of pain is substantial, affecting upwards of 50 mi...

    Authors: Yuan Zhou, Song Cai, Kimberly Gomez, E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne, Yingshi Ji, Shreya S. Bellampalli, Shizhen Luo, Aubin Moutal, A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka and Rajesh Khanna
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:73
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. Inositol phosphate metabolism has emerged as one of the key players in synaptic transmission. Previous studies have shown that the deletion of inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (IP6K1), which is responsible f...

    Authors: Min-Gyu Kim, Seungjae Zhang, Hoyong Park, Seung Ju Park, Seyun Kim and ChiHye Chung
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:72
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  3. Prion diseases and prion-like disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, are characterized by gliosis and accumulation of misfolded aggregated host proteins. Ablating microglia in prion-...

    Authors: James A. Carroll, Brent Race, Katie Williams, James Striebel and Bruce Chesebro
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:71
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder found in children. It is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Methylphenidate (MPH) and atomoxe...

    Authors: Shiho Suzuki, Ryo Kimura, Shingo Maegawa, Masatoshi Nakata and Masatoshi Hagiwara
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:70
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  5. Significant clinical symptoms of Cohen syndrome (CS), a rare autosomal recessive disorder, include intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism, postnatal microcephaly, retinal dystrophy, and intermittent neutr...

    Authors: You-Kyung Lee, Soo-Kyeong Lee, Suin Choi, Yang Hoon Huh, Ji-Hye Kwak, Yong-Seok Lee, Deok-Jin Jang, Jae-Hyung Lee, Kyungmin Lee, Bong-Kiun Kaang, Chae-Seok Lim and Jin-A Lee
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:69
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  7. The linear nucleus (Li) was identified in 1978 from its projections to the cerebellum. However, there is no systematic study of its connections with other areas of the central nervous system possibly due to th...

    Authors: Huazheng Liang and George Paxinos
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:67
    Content type: Research Published on:

  8. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Apolipoprotein E (apoE), which carries lipids in the brain in the form of lipoproteins, plays an undisputed role...

    Authors: Wenchen Zhao, Jianjia Fan, Iva Kulic, Cheryl Koh, Amanda Clark, Johan Meuller, Ola Engkvist, Samantha Barichievy, Carina Raynoschek, Ryan Hicks, Marcello Maresca, Qi Wang, Dean G. Brown, Alvin Lok, Cameron Parro, Jerome Robert…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:66
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. It remains controversial whether circulating monocytes expressing CCR2 infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to pathogenicity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A previous report used...

    Authors: Hiroyasu Komiya, Hideyuki Takeuchi, Yuki Ogawa, Yuki Hatooka, Keita Takahashi, Atsuko Katsumoto, Shun Kubota, Haruko Nakamura, Misako Kunii, Mikiko Tada, Hiroshi Doi and Fumiaki Tanaka
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:64
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  11. Neuroinflammation is a secondary response following ischemia stroke. Arginine is a non-essential amino acid that has been shown to inhibit acute inflammatory reaction. In this study we show that arginine treat...

    Authors: Song-Feng Chen, Meng-Xian Pan, Jun-Chun Tang, Jing Cheng, Dan Zhao, Ya Zhang, Hua-Bao Liao, Rui Liu, Yang Zhuang, Zhi-Feng Zhang, Juan Chen, Rui-Xue Lei, Shi-Fang Li, Huan-Ting Li, Ze-Fen Wang and Qi Wan
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:63
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Physical activity impacts brain functions, but the direct mechanisms of this effect are not fully recognized or understood. Among multidimensional changes induced by physical activity, brain fatty acids (FA) a...

    Authors: Arkadiusz Liśkiewicz, Marta Przybyła, Anna Wojakowska, Łukasz Marczak, Katarzyna Bogus, Marta Nowacka-Chmielewska, Daniela Liśkiewicz, Andrzej Małecki, Jarosław Barski, Joanna Lewin-Kowalik and Michal Toborek
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:62
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. Postoperative shivering and cold hypersensitivity are major side effects of acute and chronic opioid treatments respectively. TRPM8 is a cold and menthol-sensitive channel found in a subset of dorsal root gang...

    Authors: Mircea Iftinca, Lilian Basso, Robyn Flynn, Charlie Kwok, Corinne Roland, Ahmed Hassan, Manon Defaye, Rithwik Ramachandran, Tuan Trang and Christophe Altier
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:61
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. The roles of serotonergic and noradrenergic signaling in nociceptive processing in the central nervous system are well known. However, dopaminergic signaling is also relevant to various physical functions, inc...

    Authors: Shunpei Moriya, Akira Yamashita, Daiki Masukawa, Honami Setoyama, Yunsu Hwang, Akihiro Yamanaka and Tomoyuki Kuwaki
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:60
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  15. Sentrin/SUMO-specific protease 2 (SENP2) is a member of SENPs family involved in maturation of SUMO precursors and deSUMOylation of specific target, and is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS)....

    Authors: Dehua Huang, Huiqing Liu, Aoxue Zhu, Yi Zhou and Yong Li
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:59
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. Calcium dysregulation is a key pathological event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In studying approaches to mitigate this calcium overload, we identified the collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), an axon...

    Authors: Baochang Qi, Yu Yang, Yingying Cheng, Di Sun, Xu Wang, Rajesh Khanna and Weina Ju
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:58
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. The neuroinflammation in the ischemic brain could occur as sterile inflammation in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). However, its long-term dynamic transcriptional changes remain poorly...

    Authors: Atsushi Yamaguchi, Tatsuya Jitsuishi, Takashi Hozumi, Jun Iwanami, Keiko Kitajo, Hiroo Yamaguchi, Yasutake Mori, Masaki Mogi and Setsu Sawai
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:57
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. The receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and its ligand netrin-1 are essential for axon guidance during development and are expressed by neurons in the mature brain. Netrin-1 recruits GluA1-containing α...

    Authors: Stephen D. Glasgow, Edwin W. Wong, Greta Thompson-Steckel, Nathalie Marcal, Philippe Séguéla, Edward S. Ruthazer and Timothy E. Kennedy
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:56
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that are highly heterogeneous in clinical symptoms as well as etiologies. Mutations in SHANK2 are associated with ASD and accordingly, Sha...

    Authors: Yong-Seok Lee, Nam-Kyung Yu, Jeewan Chun, Jung-eun Yang, Chae-Seok Lim, Hyopil Kim, Gaeun Park, Jin-A Lee, Kyungmin Lee, Bong-Kiun Kaang and Jae-Hyung Lee
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:54
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  22. Pathogenic variants in the gene encoding the small GTPase Ras analogue in Brain 39b (RAB39B) are associated with early-onset parkinsonism. In this study we investigated the expression and localization of RAB39...

    Authors: Yujing Gao, Gabrielle R. Wilson, Sarah E. M. Stephenson, Mustapha Oulad-Abdelghani, Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand, Kiymet Bozaoglu, Catriona A. McLean, Paul Q. Thomas, David I. Finkelstein and Paul J. Lockhart
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:52
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  23. Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a relatively common malignant complication that occurs in newborn infants, but promising therapies remain limited. In this study, we focused on the role of miR-326 and i...

    Authors: Xuan Wang, Han Zhou, Rui Cheng, Xiaoguang Zhou, Xuewen Hou, Jun Chen and Jie Qiu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:51
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported errors in Figure 4.

    Authors: Yun-Fei Bai, Michelle Chiu, Elizabeth S. Chan, Peter Axerio-Cilies, Jie Lu, Linda Huh, Mary B. Connolly, Ilaria Guella, Matthew J. Farrer, Zhi-Qing David Xu, Lidong Liu, Michelle Demos and Yu Tian Wang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:50
    Content type: Correction Published on:

    The original article was published in Molecular Brain 2019 12:92

  25. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays important roles in sensory perception including pain and itch. Neurons in the ACC receive various neuromodulatory inputs from subcortical structures, including locus coeru...

    Authors: Kohei Koga, Akihiro Yamada, Qian Song, Xu-Hui Li, Qi-Yu Chen, Ren-Hao Liu, Jun Ge, Cheng Zhan, Hidemasa Furue, Min Zhuo and Tao Chen
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:49
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Molecular Brain 2020 13:152

  27. Bone cancer pain (BCP) is one of the most common types of chronic cancer pain and its pathogenesis has not been fully understood. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are new promising targets in the field of pain r...

    Authors: Xinran Hou, Yingqi Weng, Qulian Guo, Zhuofeng Ding, Jian Wang, Jiajia Dai, Anqi Wei and Zongbin Song
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:47
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Understanding the connecting structure of brain network is the basis to reveal the principle of the brain function and elucidate the mechanism of brain diseases. Trans-synaptic tracing with neurotropic viruses...

    Authors: Kunzhang Lin, Xin Zhong, Min Ying, Lei Li, Sijue Tao, Xutao Zhu, Xiaobin He and Fuqiang Xu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:45
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  30. A hallmark of classical conditioning is that conditioned stimulus (CS) must be tightly coupled with unconditioned stimulus (US), often requiring temporal overlap between the two, or a short gap of several seco...

    Authors: Fei Li, Chun-Hui Jia, Jun Huang, Guo-Qiang Bi and Pak-Ming Lau
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:44
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  31. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is one of the most common forms of hereditary cerebral small vessel diseases and is caused by mutations in NOTC...

    Authors: Yumi Yamamoto, Katsutoshi Kojima, Daisuke Taura, Masakatsu Sone, Kazuo Washida, Naohiro Egawa, Takayuki Kondo, Eiko N. Minakawa, Kayoko Tsukita, Takako Enami, Hidekazu Tomimoto, Toshiki Mizuno, Raj N. Kalaria, Nobuya Inagaki, Ryosuke Takahashi, Mariko Harada-Shiba…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:38
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) signalling contributes to the formation, maturation and plasticity of Central Nervous System (CNS) synapses. Acute exposure of cultured brain circuits to BDNF leads to ...

    Authors: Rossana Rauti, Giada Cellot, Paola D’Andrea, Andrea Colliva, Denis Scaini, Enrico Tongiorgi and Laura Ballerini
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:43
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. Active changes in neuronal DNA methylation and demethylation appear to act as controllers of synaptic scaling and glutamate receptor trafficking in learning and memory formation. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)...

    Authors: Qingnuan Kong, Ming Yu, Meng Zhang, Chuang Wei, Huating Gu, Shaoyang Yu, Wei Sun, Nan Li and Yu Zhou
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:42
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  35. Retinal Müller cells are highly polarized macroglial cells with accumulation of the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel and the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1 at specialized endfoot membrane domains ab...

    Authors: Shirin Katoozi, Shreyas B. Rao, Nadia Skauli, Stanley C. Froehner, Ole Petter Ottersen, Marvin E. Adams and Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:40
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. Information processing and memory formation in the brain relies on release of the main excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate from presynaptic axonal specialisations. The classical Hebbian paradigm of synaptic ...

    Authors: Olga Kopach, Kaiyu Zheng and Dmitri A. Rusakov
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:39
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Molecular Brain 2020 13:48

  37. In the white matter of the human cerebrum, the majority of cortico-cortical fibers are of short range, connecting neighboring cortical areas. U-fibers represent connections between neighboring areas and are lo...

    Authors: Mayuko Yoshino, Kengo Saito, Kanji Kawasaki, Toshihide Horiike, Yohei Shinmyo and Hiroshi Kawasaki
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:37
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Recent studies demonstrate that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays critical roles in migraine. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies have shown that CGRP and its receptors are expres...

    Authors: Yinglu Liu, Qi-Yu Chen, Jung Hyun Lee, Xu-Hui Li, Shengyuan Yu and Min Zhuo
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:36
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. Calstabin2, also named FK506 binding protein 12.6 (FKBP12.6), is a subunit of ryanodine receptor subtype 2 (RyR2) macromolecular complex, an intracellular calcium channel. Studies from our and other’s lab have...

    Authors: Ren-wen Han, Zhi-peng Liu, Hong-ru Lin, Ao-wen Tian, Yun-fei Xiao, Jie Wei, Ke-yu Deng, Bing-xing Pan and Hong-bo Xin
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:35
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of cortical, brain stem and spinal motor neurons that leads to muscle weakness and death. A previous st...

    Authors: Robin N. Stringer, Bohumila Jurkovicova-Tarabova, Sun Huang, Omid Haji-Ghassemi, Romane Idoux, Anna Liashenko, Ivana A. Souza, Yuriy Rzhepetskyy, Lubica Lacinova, Filip Van Petegem, Gerald W. Zamponi, Roger Pamphlett and Norbert Weiss
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:33
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. NMDA receptors are heteromeric complexes that contribute to excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity. The presence of specific variants of GluN2 subunits in these complexes enables diversity in NMDA rec...

    Authors: Hadir Mahmoud, Newton Martin and Michael E. Hildebrand
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:31
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  43. Amyloid beta is a major constituent of the plaques found in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A growing body of research work suggests that neuroinflammation plays important roles...

    Authors: Deepali Singh, Apurva Agrawal, Chitra Mohinder Singh Singal, Hriday Shanker Pandey, Pankaj Seth and Shiv Kumar Sharma
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:30
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Tsukushi (TSK)—a small, secreted, leucine-rich-repeat proteoglycan—interacts with and regulates essential cellular signaling cascades. However, its functions in the mouse inner ear are unknown. In this study, ...

    Authors: Toru Miwa, Kunimasa Ohta, Naofumi Ito, Satoko Hattori, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa, Toru Takeo, Naomi Nakagata, Wen-Jie Song and Ryosei Minoda
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:29
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. Primary cilia are centriole-derived sensory organelles that are present in most mammalian cells, including astrocytes and neurons. Evidence is emerging that astrocyte and neuronal primary cilia demonstrate a d...

    Authors: Ashley Sterpka, Juan Yang, Matthew Strobel, Yuxin Zhou, Connor Pauplis and Xuanmao Chen
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:28
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Calcium (Ca2+)-permeable AMPA receptors may, in certain circumstances, contribute to normal synaptic plasticity or to neurodegeneration. AMPA receptors are Ca2+-permeable if they lack the GluA2 subunit or if GluA...

    Authors: Lyndsey M. Konen, Amanda L. Wright, Gordon A. Royle, Gary P. Morris, Benjamin K. Lau, Patrick W. Seow, Raphael Zinn, Luke T. Milham, Christopher W. Vaughan and Bryce Vissel
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:27
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. The astrocyte brain-type fatty acid binding protein (Fabp7) gene expression cycles globally throughout mammalian brain, and is known to regulate sleep in multiple species, including humans. The mechanisms that co...

    Authors: Jason R. Gerstner and Georgios K. Paschos
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:26
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  49. Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an adult-onset, slowly progressive motor neuron disease caused by abnormal CAG repeat expansion in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Although ligand (testosterone)-depen...

    Authors: Kazunari Onodera, Daisuke Shimojo, Yasuharu Ishihara, Masato Yano, Fuyuki Miya, Haruhiko Banno, Naoko Kuzumaki, Takuji Ito, Rina Okada, Bruno de Araújo Herculano, Manabu Ohyama, Mari Yoshida, Tatsuhiko Tsunoda, Masahisa Katsuno, Manabu Doyu, Gen Sobue…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:18
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are excitatory glutamatergic receptors that are fundamental for many neuronal processes, including synaptic plasticity. NMDARs are comprised of four subunits derived from h...

    Authors: Vishaal Rajani, Ameet S. Sengar and Michael W. Salter
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2020 13:23
    Content type: Review Published on:
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