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  1. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) is widely distributed in brain including the hippocampus. Studies have demonstrated the critical role of hippocampal ghrelin/GHS-R1a signaling in synaptic phys...

    Authors: Nan Li, Na Li, Fenghua Xu, Ming Yu, Zichen Qiao and Yu Zhou
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:157
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  2. The neuro-physiological properties of individuals with genetic pre-disposition to neurological disorders are largely unknown. Here we aimed to explore these properties using cerebral organoids (COs) derived fr...

    Authors: Simote T. Foliaki, Benjamin Schwarz, Bradley R. Groveman, Ryan O. Walters, Natalia C. Ferreira, Christina D. Orrù, Anna Smith, Aleksandar Wood, Olivia M. Schmit, Phoebe Freitag, Jue Yuan, Wenquan Zou, Catharine M. Bosio, James A. Carroll and Cathryn L. Haigh
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:156
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron (MN) disease, with no present cure. The progressive loss of MNs is the hallmark of ALS. We have previously shown the therapeutic effects of t...

    Authors: Junmei Wang, Lydia Tierney, Ranjeet Mann, Thomas Lonsway and Chandler L. Walker
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:155
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  4. The generation of mature synaptic structures using neurons differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-neurons) is expected to be applied to physiological studies of synapses in human cells...

    Authors: Kazuyuki Togo, Hayato Fukusumi, Tomoko Shofuda, Hiroshi Ohnishi, Hiroyuki Yamazaki, Mariko Kato Hayashi, Nana Kawasaki, Nobuyuki Takei, Takanobu Nakazawa, Yumiko Saito, Kousuke Baba, Hitoshi Hashimoto, Yuko Sekino, Tomoaki Shirao, Hideki Mochizuki and Yonehiro Kanemura
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:149
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Studies on the development of central nervous system (CNS) primarily rely on the use of specific molecular markers for different types of neural cells. S100B is widely being used as a specific marker for astro...

    Authors: Junqing Du, Min Yi, Fang Zhou, Wanjun He, Aifen Yang, Mengsheng Qiu and Hao Huang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:154
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. Fear conditioning and retrieval are suitable models to investigate the biological basis of various mental disorders. Hippocampus and amygdala neurons consolidate conditioned stimulus (CS)-dependent fear memory...

    Authors: Yoonjeong Jeon, Yun Lim, Jiwoo Yeom and Eun-Kyoung Kim
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:153
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. The glutamatergic signaling pathway is involved in molecular learning and human cognitive ability. Specific single variants (SNVs, formerly single-nucleotide polymorphisms) in the genes encoding N-methyl-d-aspart...

    Authors: Li-Ching Lee, Ming-Tsan Su, Hsing-Ying Huang, Ying-Chun Cho, Ting-Kuang Yeh and Chun-Yen Chang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:152
    Content type: Research Published on:

  8. The atypical chemokine receptor 3, ACKR3, is a G protein-coupled receptor, which does not couple to G proteins but recruits βarrestins. At present, ACKR3 is considered a target for cancer and cardiovascular di...

    Authors: Aliza T. Ehrlich, Meriem Semache, Pierre Couvineau, Stefan Wojcik, Hiroyuki Kobayashi, Marcus Thelen, Florence Gross, Mireille Hogue, Christian Le Gouill, Emmanuel Darcq, Michel Bouvier and Brigitte L. Kieffer
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:151
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related disorder that is associated with pro-inflammatory activation and neurobiological impairments in the brain and leads to a series of affective-like behav...

    Authors: Yi-Hung Chen, Sheng-Yun Xie, Chao-Wei Chen and Dah-Yuu Lu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:150
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. The Cre/LoxP-based conditional knockout technology is a powerful tool for gene function analysis that allows region- and time-specific gene manipulation. However, inserting a pair of LoxP cassettes to generate...

    Authors: Hirofumi Nishizono, Yuki Hayano, Yoshihisa Nakahata, Yasuhito Ishigaki and Ryohei Yasuda
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:148
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  11. Hypoxia typically accompanies acute inflammatory responses in patients and animal models. However, a limited number of studies have examined the effect of hypoxia in combination with inflammation (Hypo-Inf) on...

    Authors: Yoon-Sil Yang, Joon Ho Choi and Jong-Cheol Rah
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:147
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is a serious problem. We developed a mouse model of CPSP induced by electrocautery and examined the mechanism of CPSP. In this mouse model, while both incision and electrocaute...

    Authors: Yosuke Katsuda, Kenichi Tanaka, Tomohisa Mori, Michiko Narita, Hideyuki Takeshima, Takashige Kondo, Yoshiyuki Yamabe, Misa Matsufuji, Daisuke Sato, Yusuke Hamada, Keisuke Yamaguchi, Toshikazu Ushijima, Eiichi Inada, Naoko Kuzumaki, Masako Iseki and Minoru Narita
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:146
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. Astrocytes express a plethora of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are crucial for shaping synaptic activity. Upon GPCR activation, astrocytes can respond with transient variations in intracellular Ca2+. I...

    Authors: Yana Van Den Herrewegen, Thomas M. Sanderson, Surajit Sahu, Dimitri De Bundel, Zuner A. Bortolotto and Ilse Smolders
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:144
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  15. Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) regulates neurotransmitter receptor recycling from endosomes. A missense mutation (D620N) in VPS35 leads to autosomal-dominant, late-onset Parkinson’s disease. Here, we stud...

    Authors: Chelsie A. Kadgien, Anusha Kamesh and Austen J. Milnerwood
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:143
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. Assessment of neural activity in the specific brain area is critical for understanding the circuit mechanisms underlying altered brain function and behaviors. A number of immediate early genes (IEGs) that are ...

    Authors: Sang Ho Yoon, Woo Seok Song, Sung Pyo Oh, Young Sook Kim and Myoung-Hwan Kim
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:142
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  17. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is expressed in both hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic neurons. The expression and role of AVP exhibit remarkable divergence between these two neuronal populations. Polysynaptic pa...

    Authors: Wen Han Tong, Samira Abdulai-Saiku and Ajai Vyas
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:141
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  18. Previous studies have demonstrated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the diffusible messengers for enhancing synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Less information is available about ...

    Authors: Hui-Hui Miao, Zhuang Miao, Ji-Gang Pan, Xu-Hui Li and Min Zhuo
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:140
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Chronic pain easily leads to concomitant mood disorders, and the excitability of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) pyramidal neurons (PNs) is involved in chronic pain-related anxiety. However, the mechanism by w...

    Authors: Fang-bing Shao, Jun-fan Fang, Si-si Wang, Meng-ting Qiu, Dan-ning Xi, Xiao-ming Jin, Jing-gen Liu, Xiao-mei Shao, Zui Shen, Yi Liang, Jian-qiao Fang and Jun-ying Du
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:139
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. To understand the information encoded in a connection between the neurons, postsynaptic current (PSC) has been widely measured as a primary index of synaptic strength in the field of neurophysiology. Although ...

    Authors: Yong Gyu Kim, Jae Jin Shin and Sang Jeong Kim
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:138
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  21. We recently showed that synaptophysin (Syph) and synapsin (Syn) can induce liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) to cluster small synaptic-like microvesicles in living cells which are highly reminiscent of SV ...

    Authors: Goeun Kim, Sang-Eun Lee, Seonyoung Jeong, Jeongkun Lee, Daehun Park and Sunghoe Chang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:137
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  23. Experimental animals, such as non-human primates (NHPs), mice, Zebrafish, and Drosophila, are frequently employed as models to gain insights into human physiology and pathology. In developmental neuroscience a...

    Authors: Ryuichi Nakajima, Hideo Hagihara and Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:135
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  25. Cumulative evidence shows that gut microbiome can influence brain function and behavior via the inflammatory processes. However, the role of interaction between gut dysbiosis and C-reactive protein (CRP) in th...

    Authors: Yujing Chen, Peilin Meng, Shiqiang Cheng, Yumeng Jia, Yan Wen, Xuena Yang, Yao Yao, Chuyu Pan, Chun’e Li, Huijie Zhang, Jingxi Zhang, Zhen Zhang and Feng Zhang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:133
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. The medium-chain fatty acids octanoic acid (C8) and decanoic acid (C10) are gaining attention as beneficial brain fuels in several neurological disorders. The protective effects of C8 and C10 have been propose...

    Authors: Jens V. Andersen, Emil W. Westi, Emil Jakobsen, Nerea Urruticoechea, Karin Borges and Blanca I. Aldana
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:132
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SOM-INs) are a major subpopulation of GABAergic cells in CA1 hippocampus that receive excitation from pyramidal cells (PCs), and, in turn, provide feedback inhibition onto...

    Authors: Anne-Sophie Racine, François-Xavier Michon, Isabel Laplante and Jean-Claude Lacaille
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:130
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) is a typical characteristic of high altitude environment and causes a spectrum of pathophysiological effects, including headaches, gliovascular dysfunction and cognitive retardation. Her...

    Authors: Yang Zhou, Huanyu Lu, Ying Liu, Zaihua Zhao, Qian Zhang, Chong Xue, Yuankang Zou, Zipeng Cao and Wenjing Luo
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:129
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. Machado-Joseph disease (MJD, also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that impairs control and coordination of movement. Here we tested whether treatment with the histo...

    Authors: Maxinne Watchon, Luan Luu, Katherine J. Robinson, Kristy C. Yuan, Alana De Luca, Hannah J. Suddull, Madelaine C. Tym, Gilles J. Guillemin, Nicholas J. Cole, Garth A. Nicholson, Roger S. Chung, Albert Lee and Angela S. Laird
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:128
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are a group of severe epilepsies that are characterized by seizures and developmental delay. DEEs are primarily attributed to genetic causes and an increasin...

    Authors: Robin N. Stringer, Bohumila Jurkovicova-Tarabova, Ivana A. Souza, Judy Ibrahim, Tomas Vacik, Waseem Mahmoud Fathalla, Jozef Hertecant, Gerald W. Zamponi, Lubica Lacinova and Norbert Weiss
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:126
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  33. Widespread sleep deprivation is a continuing public health problem in the United States and worldwide affecting adolescents and adults. Acute sleep deprivation results in decrements in spatial memory and cogni...

    Authors: Marie E. Gaine, Ethan Bahl, Snehajyoti Chatterjee, Jacob J. Michaelson, Ted Abel and Lisa C. Lyons
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:125
    Content type: Research Published on:

  34. To understand the role of intracellular zinc ion (Zn2+) dysregulation in mediating age-related neurodegenerative changes, particularly neurotoxicity resulting from the generation of excessive neurotoxic amyloid-β...

    Authors: Wen-bo Chen, Yu-xiang Wang, Hong-gang Wang, Di An, Dan Sun, Pan Li, Tao Zhang, Wan-ge Lu and Yan-qiang Liu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:124
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Cerebral ischemia, a common cerebrovascular disease, is characterized by functional deficits and apoptotic cell death. Autophagy, a type of programmed cell death, plays critical roles in controlling neuronal d...

    Authors: Yuan Yao, Yingshi Ji, Jinghong Ren, Huanyu Liu, Rajesh Khanna and Li Sun
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:123
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, with aging being considered the greatest risk factor for developing PD. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is known to participate in the aging ...

    Authors: Tae-Young Ha, Yu Ree Choi, Hye Rin Noh, Seon-Heui Cha, Jae-Bong Kim and Sang Myun Park
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:122
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. Accumulating evidence indicates that the actin regulator cofilin is overactivated in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), but whether this abnormality contributes to synaptic and cognitive impairments in AD is unclear. I...

    Authors: Haiwang Zhang, Youssif Ben Zablah, An Liu, Dongju Lee, Haorui Zhang, Yanghong Meng, Changxi Zhou, Xingde Liu, Yiming Wang and Zhengping Jia
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:121
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a malformation of the cerebral cortex with poorly-defined epileptogenic zones (EZs), and poor surgical outcome in FCD is associated with inaccurate localization of the EZ. Hen...

    Authors: Arpna Srivastava, Krishan Kumar, Jyotirmoy Banerjee, Manjari Tripathi, Vivek Dubey, Devina Sharma, Nitin Yadav, M. C. Sharma, Sanjeev Lalwani, Ramesh Doddamani, P. Sarat Chandra and Aparna Banerjee Dixit
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:120
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. Epigenetic abnormalities play a crucial role in many tumors, including glioma. RNA methylation occurs as an epigenetic modification similar to DNA methylation and histone modification. m6A methylation is the most...

    Authors: Ting Pan, Fan Wu, Liwen Li, Shiyan Wu, Fang Zhou, Ping Zhang, Caixing Sun and Liang Xia
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:119
    Content type: Review Published on:

  40. Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders, and the change in the activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is considered as the underlying pathological mechanism. Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) i...

    Authors: Ying Sun, Le Ma, Jianhua Chen, Weidi Wang, Shiyu Peng, Ying Cheng, Yu Zhang, Jinghong Chen and Peijun Ju
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:118
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. We have previously reported that cellular prion protein (PrPC) can down-regulate NMDA receptor activity and in a copper dependent manner. Here, we employed AAV9 to introduce murine cellular prion protein into mou...

    Authors: Sun Huang, Stefanie A. Black, Junting Huang, Peter K. Stys and Gerald W. Zamponi
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:117
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  42. Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infectious disease with severe neurological sequelae and a high mortality rate, in which Escherichia coli is one of the primary Gram-negative etiological bacteria. Menin...

    Authors: Jiyang Fu, Liang Li, Dong Huo, Ruicheng Yang, Bo Yang, Bojie Xu, Xiaopei Yang, Menghong Dai, Chen Tan, Huanchun Chen and Xiangru Wang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:116
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. T-type calcium channels are important regulators of neuronal excitability. The mammalian brain expresses three T-type channel isoforms (Cav3.1, Cav3.2 and Cav3.3) with distinct biophysical properties that are ...

    Authors: Fernando R. Fernandez, Mircea C. Iftinca, Gerald W. Zamponi and Ray W. Turner
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:115
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  45. Clock genes not only regulate the circadian rhythm of physiological activities but also participate in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Previous studies have documented the abnormal expression of clock genes...

    Authors: Hao Wu, Yong Liu, Lishuo Liu, Qiang Meng, Changwang Du, Kuo Li, Shan Dong, Yong Zhang, Huanfa Li and Hua Zhang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:113
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Memory and long term potentiation require de novo protein synthesis. A key regulator of this process is mTORC1, a complex comprising the mTOR kinase. Growth factors activate mTORC1 via a pathway involving PI3-...

    Authors: Dany Khamsing, Solène Lebrun, Isabelle Fanget, Nathanaël Larochette, Christophe Tourain, Vincent de Sars, Maia Brunstein, Martin Oheim, Damien Carrel, François Darchen and Claire Desnos
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:112
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. The morphological dynamics of astrocytes are altered in the hippocampus during memory induction. Astrocyte–neuron interactions on synapses are called tripartite synapses. These control the synaptic function in...

    Authors: Moonseok Choi, Sang-Min Lee, Dongsoo Kim, Heh-In Im, Hye-Sun Kim and Yun Ha Jeong
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:111
    Content type: Micro report Published on:

  48. Cerebrovascular dysfunction is a hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the greatest risk factors for AD is the apolipoprotein E4 (E4) allele. The APOE4 genotype has been shown to negatively impa...

    Authors: Joseph O. Ojo, Jon M. Reed, Gogce Crynen, Prashanthi Vallabhaneni, James Evans, Benjamin Shackleton, Maximillian Eisenbaum, Charis Ringland, Anastasia Edsell, Michael Mullan, Fiona Crawford and Corbin Bachmeier
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:110
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Rabies virus (RV) is the most widely used vector for mapping neural circuits. Previous studies have shown that the RV glycoprotein can be a target to improve the retrograde transsynaptic tracing efficiency. Ho...

    Authors: Fan Jia, Li Li, Haizhou Liu, Pei Lv, Xiangwei Shi, Yang Wu, Chen Ling and Fuqiang Xu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:109
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  50. Authors: Chunni Zhu, Tina Bilousova, Samantha Focht, Michael Jun, Chris Jean Elias, Mikhail Melnik, Sujyoti Chandra, Jesus Campagna, Whitaker Cohn, Asa Hatami, Patricia Spilman, Karen Hoppens Gylys and Varghese John
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2021 14:108
    Content type: Correction Published on:

    The original article was published in Molecular Brain 2021 14:70

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