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  1. All antipsychotics work via dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs), suggesting a critical role for D2Rs in psychosis; however, there is little evidence for a change in receptor number or pharmacological nature of D2Rs. ...

    Authors: Min Wang, Lin Pei, Paul J Fletcher, Shitij Kapur, Philip Seeman and Fang Liu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:25
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. K+ channel interacting protein 1 (KChIP1) is a neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) protein that interacts with multiple intracellular molecules. Its physiological function, however, remains largely unknown. We report ....

    Authors: Kun Xia, Hui Xiong, Yeonsook Shin, Danling Wang, Tom Deerinck, Hiroto Takahashi, Mark H Ellisman, Stuart A Lipton, Gang Tong, Giannina Descalzi, Dongxian Zhang, Min Zhuo and Zhuohua Zhang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:23
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. Growth factor-induced receptor dimerization and cross-phosphorylation are hallmarks of signal transduction via receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can activate RTKs through a ...

    Authors: Sum Shing Chi, Sandra M Vetiska, Robin S Gill, Marilyn S Hsiung, Fang Liu and Hubert HM Van Tol
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:22
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices have been studied during ageing of a double transgenic mouse strain relevant to early-onset familial Alzheimer's d...

    Authors: Stephen M Fitzjohn, Frederick Kuenzi, Robin A Morton, Thomas W Rosahl, Huw Lewis, David Smith, Guy R Seabrook and Graham L Collingridge
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:21
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. Interactions between dopamine and glutamate in the prefrontal cortex are essential for cognitive functions such as working memory. Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor functions by dopamine D...

    Authors: Jian-Li Hu, Gang Liu, Yan-Chun Li, Wen-Jun Gao and Yue-Qiao Huang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:20
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. The establishment of tissue architecture in the nervous system requires the proper migration and positioning of newly born neurons during embryonic development. Defects in nuclear translocation, a key process ...

    Authors: Tarek Houalla, Lei Shi, Donald J van Meyel and Yong Rao
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:19
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Huntingtin (htt) is a multi-domain protein of 350 kDa that is mutated in Huntington's disease (HD) but whose function is yet to be fully understood. This absence of information is due in part to the difficulty...

    Authors: Raúl Pardo, Maria Molina-Calavita, Ghislaine Poizat, Guy Keryer, Sandrine Humbert and Frédéric Saudou
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:17
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. Mounting evidence suggests that neural oscillations are related to the learning and consolidation of newly formed memory in the mammalian brain. Four to seven Hertz (4-7 Hz) oscillations in the prefrontal cort...

    Authors: Hendrik W Steenland, Vincent Wu, Hotaka Fukushima, Satoshi Kida and Min Zhuo
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:16
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. The spread of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in the deer and elk population has caused serious public health concerns due to its potential to infect farm animals and humans. Like other prion disorders such a sp...

    Authors: Solomon Raju Bhupanapadu Sunkesula, Xiu Luo, Dola Das, Ajay Singh and Neena Singh
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:14
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. Neurogenesis occurs in the adult hippocampus of various animal species. A substantial fraction of newly generated neurons die before they mature, and the survival rate of new neurons are regulated in an experi...

    Authors: Takashi Kitamura, Yoshito Saitoh, Akiko Murayama, Hiroyuki Sugiyama and Kaoru Inokuchi
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:13
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  14. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder. While neuronal deposition of α-synuclein serves as a pathological hallmark of PD and Dementia with Lewy Bodies, α-synuclein-positive protein aggre...

    Authors: Xing-Long Gu, Cai-Xia Long, Lixin Sun, Chengsong Xie, Xian Lin and Huaibin Cai
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:12
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. A central feature of Alzheimer's disease is the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) by the β-secretase and γ-secretase enzymes. Although this has been shown to occ...

    Authors: Angela Lorenzen, Jonathan Samosh, Kenneth Vandewark, Pieter H Anborgh, Claudia Seah, Ana C Magalhaes, Sean P Cregan, Stephen SG Ferguson and Stephen H Pasternak
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:11
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. Synaptic defects represent a major mechanism underlying altered brain functions of patients suffering Alzheimer's disease (AD) [1–3]. An increasing body of work indicates that the oligomeric forms of β-amyloid (A...

    Authors: Yanfang Rui, Jiaping Gu, Kuai Yu, H Criss Hartzell and James Q Zheng
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:10
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. Memory is the ability to store, retain, and later retrieve learned information. Long-term memory (LTM) formation requires: DNA transcription, RNA translation, and the trafficking of newly synthesized proteins....

    Authors: David Rosenegger, Cynthia Wright and Ken Lukowiak
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:9
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Extensive studies have led to a variety of hypotheses for the molecular basis of depression and related mood disorders, but a definite pathogenic mechanism has yet to be defined. The monoamine hypothesis, in c...

    Authors: Saebom Lee, Jaehoon Jeong, Yongdo Kwak and Sang Ki Park
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:8
    Content type: Review Published on:

  19. The presenilins form part of a complex of membrane proteins that are involved in the proteolytic cleavage of cell-surface molecules. This article reviews the history of the discovery of the presenilins, their ...

    Authors: David H Small, David W Klaver and Lisa Foa
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:7
    Content type: Review Published on:

  20. Direct interaction with the β subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex causes voltage-dependent inhibition of N-type calcium channels. To further characterize the molecular determinants of this interact...

    Authors: Hugo W Tedford, Alexandra E Kisilevsky, Lucienne B Vieira, Diego Varela, Lina Chen and Gerald W Zamponi
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:6
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  21. The molecular mechanisms governing the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into neuronal progenitor cells and finally into neurons are gradually being revealed. The lack of convenient means for real-ti...

    Authors: Hiroaki Kanki, Marilia Kimie Shimabukuro, Atsushi Miyawaki and Hideyuki Okano
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:5
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  22. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are coupled via Gαq/11 to the activation of phospholipase Cβ, which hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to form inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. Thi...

    Authors: Alexander A Nicodemo, Macarena Pampillo, Lucimar T Ferreira, Lianne B Dale, Tamara Cregan, Fabiola M Ribeiro and Stephen SG Ferguson
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:4
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. The downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator (DREAM), a multifunctional Ca2+-binding protein, binds specifically to DNA and several nucleoproteins regulating gene expression and with proteins outside th...

    Authors: Long-Jun Wu, Britt Mellström, Hansen Wang, Ming Ren, Sofia Domingo, Susan S Kim, Xiang-Yao Li, Tao Chen, Jose R Naranjo and Min Zhuo
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:3
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. Studies into the mechanisms of corticosteroid action continue to be a rich bed of research, spanning the fields of neuroscience and endocrinology through to immunology and metabolism. However, the vast literat...

    Authors: Therese Riedemann, Alexandre V Patchev, Kwangwook Cho and Osborne FX Almeida
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:2
    Content type: Review Published on:

  25. Although some reports indicate that protein synthesis dependent process may be induced by updating information, the role of protein synthesis and degradation in changing the content of pre-existing memory is y...

    Authors: Jun-Hyeok Choi, Jung-Eun Kim and Bong-Kiun Kaang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2010 3:1
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  27. Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells is a promising approach toward functional restoration of the damaged neural tissue, but the injured spinal cord has been shown to be an adverse environment for t...

    Authors: Fujiki Numano, Akihiro Inoue, Mitsuhiro Enomoto, Kenichi Shinomiya, Atsushi Okawa and Shigeo Okabe
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:37
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a widely expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase encoded by two genes that generate two related proteins: GSK-3α and GSK-3β. Mice lacking a function...

    Authors: Oksana Kaidanovich-Beilin, Tatiana V Lipina, Keizo Takao, Matthijs van Eede, Satoko Hattori, Christine Laliberté, Mustafa Khan, Kenichi Okamoto, John W Chambers, Paul J Fletcher, Katrina MacAulay, Bradley W Doble, Mark Henkelman, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa, John Roder and James R Woodgett
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:35
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. Previous studies have demonstrated tissue-specific regulation of the rhythm of circadian transcription, suggesting that transcription factor complex CLOCK/BMAL1, essential for maintaining circadian rhythm, reg...

    Authors: Hiroshi Hosoda, Kenichi kato, Hidenori Asano, Motonori Ito, Haruno Kato, Taku Iwamoto, Akinobu Suzuki, Shoichi Masushige and Satoshi Kida
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:34
    Content type: Research Published on:

  31. Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurogenerative disease caused by an abnormal expansion of glutamine repeats in the huntingtin protein. There is currently no treatment to prevent the neurodegeneratio...

    Authors: Jose R Pineda, Raúl Pardo, Diana Zala, Hua Yu, Sandrine Humbert and Frédéric Saudou
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:33
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in sensory, cognitive, and executive functions. Studies of synaptic transmission and plasticity in the ACC provide an understanding of basic cellular and molecul...

    Authors: Long-Jun Wu, Xiangyao Li, Tao Chen, Ming Ren and Min Zhuo
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:32
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. Previous studies have shown that beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide triggers the activation of several signal transduction cascades in the hippocampus, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade....

    Authors: Faridis Serrano, Angela Chang, Caterina Hernandez, Robia G Pautler, J David Sweatt and Eric Klann
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:31
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder that affects about 1% of the population worldwide. Despite significant advances in the identification of genetic mutations and si...

    Authors: Zelda H Cheung and Nancy Y Ip
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:29
    Content type: Review Published on:

  36. In mammals, the synchronized activity of cell autonomous clocks in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) enables this structure to function as the master circadian clock, coordinating daily rhythms in physiology an...

    Authors: Clare Guilding, Alun TL Hughes, Timothy M Brown, Sara Namvar and Hugh D Piggins
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:28
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. Proneurotrophins and mature neurotrophins elicit opposite effects via the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and Trk tyrosine kinase receptors, respectively; however the molecular roles of proneurotrophins in the...

    Authors: Hisatsugu Koshimizu, Kazuyuki Kiyosue, Tomoko Hara, Shunsuke Hazama, Shingo Suzuki, Koichi Uegaki, Guhan Nagappan, Eugene Zaitsev, Takatsugu Hirokawa, Yoshiro Tatsu, Akihiko Ogura, Bai Lu and Masami Kojima
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:27
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. The Na+/Cl--dependent serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) transporter (SERT) is a critical element in neuronal 5-HT signaling, being responsible for the efficient elimination of 5-HT after release. SERTs are no...

    Authors: Jennifer A Steiner, Ana MarinD Carneiro, Jane Wright, Heinrich JG Matthies, Harish C Prasad, Christian K Nicki, Wolfgang R Dostmann, Carrie C Buchanan, Jackie D Corbin, Sharron H Francis and Randy D Blakely
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:26
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Purkinje cells are a class of specialized neurons in the cerebellum, and are among the most metabolically active of all neurons, as they receive immense synaptic stimulation, and provide the only efferent outp...

    Authors: Lisa Chakrabarti, Jeremiah Eng, Nishi Ivanov, Gwenn A Garden and Albert R La Spada
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:24
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. Dysfunction of alsin, particularly its putative Rab5 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor activity, has been linked to one form of juvenile onset recessive familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS2). Multiple...

    Authors: Chen Lai, Chengsong Xie, Hoon Shim, Jayanth Chandran, Brian W Howell and Huaibin Cai
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:23
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. The signalling mechanisms involved in the induction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus are poorly understood. Numerous studies have presented eviden...

    Authors: Stéphane Peineau, Céline S Nicolas, Zuner A Bortolotto, Ratan V Bhat, W Jonathan Ryves, Adrian J Harwood, Pascal Dournaud, Stephen M Fitzjohn and Graham L Collingridge
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:22
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Epilepsy is a prominent sign of neurological dysfunction in children with various fetal and maternal deficiencies. However, the detailed mechanism and influences underlying epileptic disorders are still unreve...

    Authors: Muhammad Imran Naseer, Li Shupeng and Myeong Ok Kim
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:20
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is involved in the regulation of a diverse population of intracellular messenger systems in the brain. In humans, abnormal NOS/nitric oxide metabolism is suggested to cont...

    Authors: Koichi Tanda, Akinori Nishi, Naoki Matsuo, Kazuo Nakanishi, Nobuyuki Yamasaki, Tohru Sugimoto, Keiko Toyama, Keizo Takao and Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:19
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus can be induced by activation of different types of G-protein coupled receptors, in particular metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and muscarinic acethycholin...

    Authors: Bryony A Dickinson, Jihoon Jo, Heon Seok, Gi Hoon Son, Daniel J Whitcomb, Ceri H Davies, Morgan Sheng, Graham L Collingridge and Kwangwook Cho
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:18
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are present in the adult mammalian brain and sustain life-long adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. In culture, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is sufficient ...

    Authors: Dengke K Ma, Karthikeyan Ponnusamy, Mi-Ryoung Song, Guo-li Ming and Hongjun Song
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:16
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. In vitro reactions are useful to identify putative enzyme substrates, but in vivo validation is required to identify actual enzyme substrates that have biological meaning. To investigate in vivo effects of prolyl...

    Authors: Bertrand Perroud, Rudy J Alvarado, Glenda M Espinal, Alex R Morado, Brett S Phinney and Craig H Warden
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2009 2:14
    Content type: Short report Published on:
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