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  1. Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35), a key component of retromer, plays an important role in endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of membrane proteins. Dysfunction of VPS35/retromer is a risk factor for neurodegenerati...

    Authors: Yun Tian, Fu-Lei Tang, XiangDong Sun, Lei Wen, Lin Mei, Bei-Sha Tang and Wen-Cheng Xiong
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:70
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. The polyglutamine (polyQ) family of disorders comprises 9 genetic diseases, including several types of ataxia and Huntington disease. Approximately two decades of investigation and the creation of more than 13...

    Authors: Wojciech J. Szlachcic, Pawel M. Switonski, Małgorzata Kurkowiak, Kalina Wiatr and Maciej Figiel
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:69
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. Arginine vasopressin (AVP), a neuropeptide hormone that functions in the regulation of water homeostasis by controlling water re-absorption at kidneys, is synthesised in supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular ...

    Authors: Mingkwan Greenwood, Michael P. Greenwood, Andre S. Mecawi, Su Yi Loh, José Antunes Rodrigues, Julian F. R. Paton and David Murphy
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:68
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, which leads to the loss of upper and lower motor neurons, with a currently unknown etiology. Specific biomarkers could help in early de...

    Authors: Ikuko Takahashi, Yuka Hama, Masaaki Matsushima, Makoto Hirotani, Takahiro Kano, Hideki Hohzen, Ichiro Yabe, Jun Utsumi and Hidenao Sasaki
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:67
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. To examine whether metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have any role in mechanisms that shape neuronal vulnerability to ischemic damage, we used the 4-vessel occlusion (4-VO) model of transient global isch...

    Authors: Marta Motolese, Federica Mastroiacovo, Milena Cannella, Domenico Bucci, Anderson Gaglione, Barbara Riozzi, Robert Lütjens, Sonia M. Poli, Sylvain Celanire, Valeria Bruno, Giuseppe Battaglia and Ferdinando Nicoletti
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:66
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. Hypoxic–ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a major cause of infant mortality and neurological disability in children. Many studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation facilitates th...

    Authors: Yan Gu, Yun Zhang, Yang Bi, Jingjing Liu, Bin Tan, Min Gong, Tingyu Li and Jie Chen
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:65
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. In Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) an immunopathogenic influence of autoantibodies is suspected. In familial GTS a disruption of the contactin-associated protein 2 gene (CNTNAP2), coding for the contactin...

    Authors: Kurt-Wolfram Sühs, Thomas Skripuletz, Refik Pul, Sascha Alvermann, Philipp Schwenkenbecher, Martin Stangel and Kirsten Müller-Vahl
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:62
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  11. Our previous studies have demonstrated the critical roles of calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1) in the central nervous system in chronic pain. In the present study, we examined the analgesic effects o...

    Authors: Zhen Tian, Dong-sheng Wang, Xin-shang Wang, Jiao Tian, Jing Han, Yan-yan Guo, Bin Feng, Nan Zhang, Ming-gao Zhao and Shui-bing Liu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:60
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin are widely used to treat inflammatory diseases and manage pain, fever and inflammation in several conditions, including neuropsychiatric disorders. Al...

    Authors: Monica Sathyanesan, Matthew J. Girgenti, Jennifer Warner-Schmidt and Samuel S. Newton
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:59
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. Recently, we have reported that LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) involves programmed necrotic neuronal deaths induced by aberrant cyclin D1 expression following status epilepticus (SE). Up-regulation of LIMK2 expression i...

    Authors: Ah-Reum Ko, Hye-Won Hyun, Su-Ji Min, Ji-Eun Kim and Tae-Cheon Kang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:58
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social cognition, language development, and repetitive/restricted behaviors. Due to the complexity and heter...

    Authors: Chae-Seok Lim, Jung-eun Yang, You-Kyung Lee, Kyungmin Lee, Jin-A Lee and Bong-Kiun Kaang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:57
    Content type: Review Published on:

  16. Sustained changes in network activity cause homeostatic synaptic plasticity in part by altering the postsynaptic accumulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) and α-amino-3-hydroxyle-5-methyl-4-isoxaz...

    Authors: Sung-Soo Jang, Sara E. Royston, Jian Xu, John P. Cavaretta, Max O. Vest, Kwan Young Lee, Seungbae Lee, Han Gil Jeong, Paul J. Lombroso and Hee Jung Chung
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:55
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  17. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a gene in which a mutation causes Parkinson’s disease (PD), and p53 is a prototype tumor suppressor. In addition, activation of p53 in patient with PD has been reported ...

    Authors: Dong Hwan Ho, Hyejung Kim, Jisun Kim, Hyuna Sim, Hyunjun Ahn, Janghwan Kim, Hyemyung Seo, Kwang Chul Chung, Bum-Joon Park, Ilhong Son and Wongi Seol
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:54
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Molecular Brain 2017 10:48

  18. Radial glial cells (RGCs), the instructive scaffolds for neuronal migration, are well characterized by their unique morphology and polarization; these cells extend elongated basal processes to the pial basemen...

    Authors: Rui Liu, Yang Yang, Junhui Shen, He Chen, Qianqian Zhang, Ru Ba, Yongjie Wei, Kai-Cheng Li, Xu Zhang and Chunjie Zhao
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:53
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. A converging body of evidence indicates that levels of adult hippocampal neurogenesis vary along the septo-temporal axis of the dentate gyrus, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this regional heterogeneit...

    Authors: Jiaqi Sun, Michael A. Bonaguidi, Heechul Jun, Junjie U. Guo, Gerald J. Sun, Brett Will, Zhengang Yang, Mi-Hyeon Jang, Hongjun Song, Guo-li Ming and Kimberly M. Christian
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:52
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. The insulin/IGF1 signalling (IIS) pathways are involved in longevity regulation and are dysregulated in neurons in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We previously showed downregulation in IIS gene expression in astroc...

    Authors: Claire J. Garwood, Laura E. Ratcliffe, Sarah V. Morgan, Julie E. Simpson, Helen Owens, Irina Vazquez-Villaseñor, Paul R. Heath, Ignacio A. Romero, Paul G. Ince and Stephen B. Wharton
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:51
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. Many genetic and environmental factors are involved in the etiology of nicotine dependence. Although several candidate gene variations have been reported by candidate gene studies or genome-wide association st...

    Authors: Daisuke Nishizawa, Shinya Kasai, Junko Hasegawa, Naomi Sato, Hidetaka Yamada, Fumihiko Tanioka, Makoto Nagashima, Ryoji Katoh, Yasuo Satoh, Megumi Tagami, Hiroshi Ujike, Norio Ozaki, Toshiya Inada, Nakao Iwata, Ichiro Sora, Masaomi Iyo…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:50
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. Experience-dependent plasticity is confined to the critical period of early postnatal life, and declines dramatically thereafter. This attenuation promotes the stabilization of cortical circuits, but also limi...

    Authors: Hanxiao Liu, Yue Li, Yan Wang, Xinxing Wang, Xu An, Siying Wang, Lin Chen, Guosong Liu and Yupeng Yang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:49
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. Binocular pattern deprivation from eye opening (early BD) delays the maturation of the primary visual cortex. This delay is more pronounced for the peripheral than the central visual field representation withi...

    Authors: Karolina Laskowska-Macios, Julie Nys, Tjing-Tjing Hu, Monika Zapasnik, Anke Van der Perren, Malgorzata Kossut, Kalina Burnat and Lutgarde Arckens
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:48
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. Enhanced supraspinal glutamate levels following nerve injury are associated with pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for neuropathic pain. Chronic pain can interfere with specific brain areas involved in...

    Authors: F. Guida, L. Luongo, F. Marmo, R. Romano, M. Iannotta, F. Napolitano, C. Belardo, I Marabese, A. D’Aniello, D. De Gregorio, F. Rossi, F. Piscitelli, R. Lattanzi, A. de Bartolomeis, A. Usiello, V. Di Marzo…
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:47
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. A variety of pain conditions have been found to be associated with depressed mood in clinical studies. Depression-like behaviors have also been described in animal models of persistent or chronic pain. In rode...

    Authors: Chen Su, James D’amour, Michelle Lee, Hau-Yeuh Lin, Toby Manders, Duo Xu, Sarah E. Eberle, Yossef Goffer, Anthony H. Zou, Maisha Rahman, Edward Ziff, Robert C. Froemke, Dong Huang and Jing Wang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:46
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a highly prevalent childhood neuropsychiatric disorder (about 1 %), characterized by multiple motor and one or more vocal tics. The syndrome is commonly associated to comorbid conditi...

    Authors: Renata Rizzo, Marco Ragusa, Cristina Barbagallo, Mariangela Sammito, Mariangela Gulisano, Paola V Calì, Claudio Pappalardo, Martina Barchitta, Mariagrazia Granata, Angelo G Condorelli, Davide Barbagallo, Marina Scalia, Antonella Agodi, Cinzia Di Pietro and Michele Purrello
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:44
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are characterized by synaptic damage and neuronal loss in the brain. Excessive glutamatergic transmission and loss of cholinergic...

    Authors: Tanseli Nesil, Junran Cao, Zhongli Yang, Sulie L. Chang and Ming D. Li
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:43
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. The density of functional synapses is an important parameter in determining the efficacy of synaptic transmission. However, how functional presynaptic terminal density is regulated under natural physiological ...

    Authors: Hang Zhou and Guosong Liu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:42
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in Molecular Brain 2015 8:45

  30. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of Beta-Amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Aβ peptides are generated by cleavage of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) by the β − and γ − secretase...

    Authors: Weihao Tang, Joshua H.K. Tam, Claudia Seah, Justin Chiu, Andrea Tyrer, Sean P. Cregan, Susan O. Meakin and Stephen H. Pasternak
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:41
    Content type: Research Published on:

  31. Lack of physical activity and increased levels of stress contribute to the development of multiple physical and mental disorders. An increasing number of studies relate voluntary exercise with greater resilien...

    Authors: Alejandro Pan-Vazquez, Natasha Rye, Mitra Ameri, Bethan McSparron, Gabriella Smallwood, Jordan Bickerdyke, Alex Rathbone, Federico Dajas-Bailador and Maria Toledo-Rodriguez
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:40
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. Young neurons in the developing brain establish a polarized morphology for proper migration. The PIWI family of piRNA processing proteins are considered to be restrictively expressed in germline tissues and se...

    Authors: Ping-ping Zhao, Mao-jin Yao, Si-yuan Chang, Lan-tao Gou, Mo-fang Liu, Zi-long Qiu and Xiao-bing Yuan
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:39
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in Molecular Brain 2016 9:21

  33. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) activate small GTPases that are involved in several cellular functions. cAMP-guanine nucleotide exchange factor II (cAMP-GEF II) acts as a target for cAMP independent...

    Authors: Kyungmin Lee, Yuki Kobayashi, Hyunhyo Seo, Ji-Hye Kwak, Akira Masuda, Chae-Seok Lim, Hye-Ryeon Lee, SukJae Joshua Kang, Pojeong Park, Su-Eon Sim, Naomi Kogo, Hiroaki Kawasaki, Bong-Kiun Kaang and Shigeyoshi Itohara
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:38
    Content type: Research Published on:

  34. Nr2e1 is a nuclear receptor crucial for neural stem cell proliferation and maintenance. In the retina, lack of Nr2e1 results in premature neurogenesis, aberrant blood vessel formation and dystrophy. However, t...

    Authors: Ximena Corso-Díaz and Elizabeth M. Simpson
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:37
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is a serine/threonine kinase known to be activated by the Rho family small GTPases and to play a key role in cytoskeletal reorganization, spine morphology and synaptic plasticity....

    Authors: Xingxiu Pan, Xinxia Chang, Celeste Leung, Zikai Zhou, Feng Cao, Wei Xie and Zhengping Jia
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:36
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. Increased secretion of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin (AVP) from hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) is a key physiological response to lactation. In the current study, we sought to test ...

    Authors: Seung Won Lee, Young-Beom Kim, Jeong Sook Kim, Woong Bin Kim, Yoon Sik Kim, Hee Chul Han, Christopher S. Colwell, Young-Wuk Cho and Yang In Kim
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:34
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Mutation in the UPF3B gene on chromosome X is implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders including X-linked intellectual disability, autism and schizophrenia. The protein UPF3B is involved in the nonsense-mediate...

    Authors: Tahani Alrahbeni, Francesca Sartor, Jihan Anderson, Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Colin McCaig and Berndt Müller
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:33
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. Rett syndrome (RTT) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in females, caused by de novo mutations in the X-linked methyl CpG-binding protein 2 gene, MECP2. Although abnormal regulation of neur...

    Authors: Tomoko Andoh-Noda, Wado Akamatsu, Kunio Miyake, Takuya Matsumoto, Ryo Yamaguchi, Tsukasa Sanosaka, Yohei Okada, Tetsuro Kobayashi, Manabu Ohyama, Kinichi Nakashima, Hiroshi Kurosawa, Takeo Kubota and Hideyuki Okano
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:31
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Patients following prolonged cancer chemotherapy are at high risk of emotional and cognitive deficits. Research indicates that the brain neuronal temporal coding and synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) are c...

    Authors: Li Mu, Jun Wang, Bing Cao, Beth Jelfs, Rosa H. M. Chan, Xiaoxiang Xu, Mahadi Hasan, Xu Zhang and Ying Li
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:32
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. Neural stem cells (NSCs) hold great potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, programmed cell death (PCD) provoked by the harsh conditions evident in the diseased brain greatly underm...

    Authors: Shinwon Ha, Hye Young Ryu, Kyung Min Chung, Seung-Hoon Baek, Eun-Kyoung Kim and Seong-Woon Yu
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:30
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. Chronic treatment with selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) facilitates adult neurogenesis and reverses the state of maturation in mature granule cells (GCs) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the ...

    Authors: Yuki Imoto, Toshihiko Kira, Mamiko Sukeno, Naoya Nishitani, Kazuki Nagayasu, Takayuki Nakagawa, Shuji Kaneko, Katsunori Kobayashi and Eri Segi-Nishida
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:29
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. Retinogenesis is a precisely controlled developmental process during which different types of neurons and glial cells are generated under the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Three transcription f...

    Authors: Kangxin Jin, Haisong Jiang, Dongchang Xiao, Min Zou, Jun Zhu and Mengqing Xiang
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:28
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. The study of late-onset/age-related Alzheimer’s disease (AD)(sporadic AD, 95% of AD cases) has been hampered by a paucity of animal models. Oxidative stress is considered a causative factor in late onset/age-r...

    Authors: Yohan D’Souza, Ahmed Elharram, Raquel Soon-Shiong, R David Andrew and Brian M Bennett
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:27
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. The tumor suppressor gene Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is highly expressed in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and plays an important role in development of the central nervous system. As a dual-specificit...

    Authors: Jingwen Lyu, Xiuya Yu, Lingjie He, Tianlin Cheng, Jingjing Zhou, Cheng Cheng, Zhifang Chen, Guoqiang Cheng, Zilong Qiu and Wenhao Zhou
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:26
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  46. The high mobility group (HMG) family transcription factor Sox9 is critical for induction and maintenance of neural stem cell pool in the central nervous system (CNS). In the spinal cord and retina, Sox9 is also t...

    Authors: Keng Ioi Vong, Crystal Kit Ying Leung, Richard R Behringer and Kin Ming Kwan
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:25
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is involved in various brain functions, including memory, cognition and motor behavior. Regarding locomotor activity, we and others have demonstrated that pharmac...

    Authors: Isabella M Guimaraes, Toniana G Carvalho, Stephen SG Ferguson, Grace S Pereira and Fabiola M Ribeiro
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:24
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. The innate immune response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Recent studies have shown that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is involved in the innate immune response in...

    Authors: Hyunjung Min, Jinpyo Hong, Ik-Hyun Cho, Yong Ho Jang, Hyunkyoung Lee, Dongwoon Kim, Seong-Woon Yu, Soojin Lee and Sung Joong Lee
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:23
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Pavlovian fear conditioning is a form of learning accomplished by associating a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US). While CS–US associations are generally thought to occur in the amyg...

    Authors: Masaru Sato, Mariko Ito, Masashi Nagase, Yae K Sugimura, Yukari Takahashi, Ayako M Watabe and Fusao Kato
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:22
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. Agonist stimulation of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) initiates their coupling to the heterotrimeric G protein, Gαq/11, resulting in the activation of phospholipase C, the release of Ca2+ from ...

    Authors: Fitore Raka, Andrea R Di Sebastiano, Stephanie C Kulhawy, Fabiola M Ribeiro, Christina M Godin, Fabiana A Caetano, Stephane Angers and Stephen S G Ferguson
    Citation: Molecular Brain 2015 8:21
    Content type: Research Published on:
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